My clarifications and explanations within quoted sources appear inside [ ]
THE
NEW TRINITY: DO WE ALL PRAY TO THE SAME GOD?
While agreeing upon little else, most Jews, Christians and Muslims seem to accept as a truism that they all pray to the same God. This is because the three monotheistic religions all teach that a Supreme Being brought the Universe and all within it into existence, and they tend to view Him as Eternal, Incorporeal, Omnipresent, Omniscient, and Omnipotent.
Furthermore, due to its acceptance of the Hebrew Bible as the Word of God (except to the extent that the Hebrew Bible is contradicted by its own Scriptures and/or teachings), mainstream Christianity declares that its triune god (comprising the “Father” as the First Person of the Christian godhead, the “Son” (i.e., Jesus) as the Second Person of the Christian godhead, and the “Holy Spirit” as the Third Person of the Christian godhead (see Matthew 28:19) -- which components are alternatively labeled as “God the Father”, “God the Son”, and “God the Holy Spirit”) -- is the same deity as the God of Israel.
Likewise, due to its acceptance of the Hebrew Bible as the Word of God (except to the extent that the Hebrew Bible is contradicted by its own Scriptures and/or teachings), Islam also declares that its Allah is the same deity as the God of Israel.
Alternatively stated, Christianity and Islam each claim that the God of the Hebrew Bible is the same One who made new and improved Covenants, respectively, with the followers of Jesus and with the followers of Mohammed.
However, almost all sects of Christianity practice what in the Hebrew language is referred to as “Avodah Zarah” (literal translation: “Foreign Worship”). This is a designation which is idiomatically translated as “idolatry”, but which is actually much broader, encompassing any belief system which contravenes or deviates from the principles of belief and worship declared by the God of Israel to the Jewish people in the Hebrew Bible. This designation is aptly applied to any sect of Christianity that deifies Jesus (either as God or as the “Son of God”), and/or that believes that the one God is actually a triune god and/or whose adherents kneel and worship before statutes of Jesus and/or other Christian saints. One notable exception is the sect known as “Christadelphian” (meaning: “Brother in Christ”), which not only rejects the concept of a triune god, but believes that Jesus was only a human being during his purported lifetime.
Unsurprisingly, the theological institution of a divine trinity was ubiquitous throughout the pagan World long before the creation of Christianity. However, each of these pre-Christian trinities always comprised three distinct gods, who continued to maintain their separate identities, powers and temples of worship. Christianity’s innovation to this pagan theological institution was to declare that, while its trinity also comprised three distinct gods (denominated as “Persons”), each of these gods represented a different aspect of the one God, thereby theologically permitting multiple gods to inhabit, coexist within, and constitute the one God.
Moreover, all sects of Islam also practice Avodah Zarah.
Firstly, it is true (pursuant to Koran, Sura 3 “The Family of Imran [Amram]” at 144) that almost all sects of Islam view Mohammed as only a human being, with one notable exception being the sect known as “Alawi”, sometimes translated into the English language as “Alawite”, which believes that Mohammed was an incarnation of Allah (i.e., that Mohammed was God Incarnate). However, in practice, even mainstream Islam reveres the human Mohammed as if he were merged with Allah, which is why (in imitation of Christianity’s reverence towards Jesus) Islam forbids any criticism of the character, declarations or actions of Mohammed. Furthermore, just as Islam forbids tangible depictions of Allah as constituting idolatry, most Islamic theologians also forbid tangible depictions of Mohammed as if that also constitutes idolatry. In fact, criticisms and/or tangible depictions of Mohammed have frequently led to the murders of the purveyors of such criticisms and/or depictions, with such murders being theologically justified by asserting that the murder victims were guilty of Blasphemy.
Secondly, Muslims who make pilgrimages to Mecca -- being the holiest city in Islam -- prostrate themselves and worship before the granite building known in the Arabic language as “al-Kaaba” (meaning: “the Cube”), into which is embedded the ancient relic of pagan worship known as the “Black Stone, which is the tiny remnant of a meteorite. All other Muslims, wherever they are in the World, prostrate themselves and pray in the direction of the “Black Stone”. It is indisputable that the holiness of Mecca to Islam is predicated upon the presence there of the “Black Stone” and upon the latter’s holiness -- despite its pagan origins -- to Islam. That is precisely why the Great Mosque in Mecca, which encloses “al-Kaaba” and its embedded “Black Stone”, is denominated in the Arabic language as “al-Masjid al-Haram” (meaning: “the Sacred Mosque”).
The foregoing raises a theological question:
Why would the God of Israel instruct people to worship Him by prostrating themselves before a structure hosting an idolatrous object?
Obviously, God would not -- and did not -- issue such a Command, as He abhors idolatrous objects and demands their destruction, to wit:
“HaShem spoke to Moses in the plains of Moab, by the Jordan [River], at Jericho, saying, 'Speak to the Children of Israel and say to them, "When you cross the Jordan [River] to the Land of Canaan, you shall drive out all the inhabitants of the Land from before you; and you shall destroy all their prostration stones; all their molten images shall you destroy; and all their cultic places shall you demolish.”
(Numbers 33:50-52).
Rather, the requirement imposed upon Muslims to venerate the “Black Stone” was adopted and retained by the early leadership of Islam, as that leadership was unable to completely abandon the pagan worship of its ancestors.
Despite the foregoing evidence of the extent to which Avodah Zarah has infected both Christianity and Islam, most Jewish theologians incomprehensibly declare that, with certain exceptions, Jews, Christians and Muslims all pray to the same God, namely, the God of Israel.
But, does this view represent the Truth? Is the God of Creation the sum total of all that Judaism, Christianity and Islam attribute to Him? Alternatively stated, is the God of Creation a new Trinity -- a product of religious syncretism -- comprising the God of Israel, the Christian godhead and Allah? Or do the three monotheistic religions instead venerate three different gods, only One of Whom is the Creator of Existence, thereby revealing the other two to be false gods, no different than the ancient pagan gods that preceded them?
Why, when Society’s watchwords are Toleration and Fellowship, is this analysis important? It is important, because the God of Israel enjoined upon the Jewish people one Commandment which, in its simplicity, serves as the foundation stone for all the others. After reminding our people that “‘I am HaShem, your God, Who has taken you out of the Land of Egypt, from the House of Slavery’” (Exodus 20:2 & Deuteronomy 5:6), God immediately thunders:
“‘You shall not recognize the gods of others
in My Presence.’”
(Exodus 20:3 & Deuteronomy 5:7).
By agreeing that Allah, the Christian godhead, and the God of Israel are one and the same Creator, we Jews transgress this Commandment and thereby cause a great Chillul HaShem (Desecration of God’s Name).
Notwithstanding the foregoing, it is historically understandable that Jewish theologians would declare that Jews, Christians, Muslims all pray to the same God. For, other than in present-day Israel, Jews have always been a minority in their host countries. Consequently, it was historically dangerous for Exilic Jewish theologians to assert that the Christian godhead and/or Allah were false gods. Moreover, for purposes of assimilating into the majority culture, it was logical for Jewish theologians to emulate Christian and Muslim theologians by conflating their gods with the God of Israel.
Presciently, in the wake of the Babylonian Empire’s conquest of the kingdom of Judah and the expulsion of most of its population to Babylonia in the early 6th Century BCE, God, speaking through the Prophet Ezekiel, rebuked the leadership of the Exilic Jewish community for its longstanding assimilationist inclinations. The Prophet declared:
"'You [Jewish leaders] say, "We want to be like the [Gentile] nations, like the [Gentile] peoples of the World, who serve Wood and Stone." But what you have in mind will never happen. As I live -- the Oration of the Lord HaShem -- with a mighty Hand and an outstretched Arm and an outpoured Wrath shall I [and only I] rule over you.'"
(Ezekiel 20:32-33)
The Prophet’s words are as true Today as they were approximately 2,600 years ago. Moreover, the Prophet’s statement that the Gentile nations worship Wood and Stone may refer not only to that ancient pagan era but also to the present-day monotheistic era, in which “Wood” may be viewed as a metaphor for Christianity (which reveres the originally-wooden Cross) and “Stone” may be viewed as a metaphor for Islam (which reveres the “Black Stone”).
Alternatively stated, the Prophet’s admonishment is meant not only for our remote ancestors but also for us -- in order to warn us not to conflate the God of Israel with the false gods of Christianity and Islam.
Such a conflation constitutes a monumental violation of the Torah’s Third Commandment, to wit:
“‘Do not take the Name [i.e., Character] of HaShem your God in vain; for HaShem will not hold him guiltless that takes His Name [i.e., Character] in vain.’”
(Exodus 20:7 and Deuteronomy 5:11),
meaning that we are forbidden from misrepresenting the Character of God.
Consequently, longstanding theological errors -- even if made in order to create and maintain peaceful relations between Jews and Gentiles -- must now be set aside in favor of the Truth, which begins with the understanding that the God of Israel has deigned through the Hebrew Bible (the first five books of which are collectively denominated as the Torah, meaning: “Teaching”) -- and only through the Hebrew Bible -- to reveal to us His Eternal Character (i.e., His Attributes, His Message, and His Expectations of us as His Chosen People).
God said of and to us:
“... So said HaShem: ‘My firstborn Son is Israel.’”
(Exodus 4:22); and
“‘... My Legions -- My People -- the Children of Israel ...’”
(Exodus 7:4); and
“For you are a holy people to HaShem, your God; HaShem, your God, has chosen you to be for Him a treasured people above all peoples that are on the face of the Earth. Not because you are more numerous than all the peoples did HaShem desire you and choose you, for you are the fewest of all the peoples. Rather, because of HaShem’s Love for you and because He observes the Oath that He swore to your forefathers did He take you out with a strong hand and redeem you from the House of Slavery -- from the hand of Pharaoh, king of Egypt.
(Deuteronomy 7:6-8); and
“For you are a holy people to HaShem, your God; and HaShem has chosen you for Himself to be a treasured people from among all the peoples on the face of the Earth.”
(Deuteronomy 14:2); and
“And HaShem has distinguished you Today to be for Him a treasured people, as He spoke to you, and to observe all His Commandments, and to make you supreme over all the nations that He made, for praise, for renown, and for splendor, and so that you will be a holy people to HaShem, your God, as He spoke.”
(Deuteronomy 26:18-19).
Consequently, it is indisputable that the Scripture that God gave to His Chosen People is both final and complete. As a result, the Jewish people’s understanding of God is based exclusively upon that Revelation. If we were to accept that the God of Israel subsequently bestowed upon the Gentile nations new Revelations concerning His Eternal Character (i.e., His Attributes, His Message, and His Expectations), as expressed through the Christian Bible and/or the Islamic Koran, each of which seek to annul, modify and add neologisms to the verses of the Hebrew Bible, then we would be transgressing another Commandment of the Torah. For, as the God of History, in anticipation of this Day, long ago warned His People:
“‘The Entire Word that I command you: that shall you observe to do; you shall not
add to it and you shall not subtract from it.’”
(Deuteronomy 13:1).
And just to reveal a bit of the Future to our people, God immediately added to the preceding Admonishment this specific Warning concerning messianic charlatans (whether Jew or Gentile):
“‘If there should stand up in your midst a prophet or a dreamer of a dream, and he will produce to you a Sign or a Wonder, and the Sign or the Wonder comes about, of which he spoke to you, saying: ‘Let us follow gods of others that you did not know and we shall worship them’ -- do not hearken to the words of that prophet or to that dreamer of a dream; for, HaShem, your God, is testing you to know whether you love HaShem, your God, with all your heart and with all your soul. HaShem, your God, shall you follow, and Him shall you fear; His Commandments shall you observe, and to His Voice shall you hearken; Him shall you serve, and to Him shall you cleave.’”
(Deuteronomy 13:2-5).
And just so that doubt should not creep into our souls about God’s Faithfulness to His own Word, the Prophet Samuel reminds us that:
“‘Moreover, the Eternal One of Israel does not lie and does not relent, for He is not a human being that He should relent.’”
(I Samuel 15:29),
thereby echoing the earlier words of the Gentile prophet Balaam that:
“‘God is not a human being that He should be deceitful, nor a son of man that He should relent. Would He say and not do, or speak and not confirm?’”
(Numbers 23:19).
Since Hebrew Scripture warns us that the nations’ Scriptures, even if otherwise attractive and compelling, are nonetheless False, we are certainly required to treat the deities described in their Scriptures as False, and we are most certainly prohibited from intellectually merging or otherwise identifying their deities with the God of Israel.
Furthermore, Hebrew Scripture not only warns the Jewish people against merging or otherwise identifying the false gods of other peoples with the God of Israel, but it also sends the very same warning to the Gentile nations; for, the Prophet Isaiah says to them:
“‘For thus said HaShem, Creator of the Heavens; He is the God, the One Who fashioned the Earth and its Maker; He established it; He did not create it for emptiness; He fashioned it to be inhabited [and then declared]: ‘I am HaShem and there is no other. I did not speak in secrecy, some place in a land of darkness; I did not tell the descendants of Jacob to seek Me for nothing; I am HaShem Who speaks Righteousness, Who declares Upright Things. Gather yourselves, come and approach together, O survivors of the nations, who do not know, who carry about the wood of their graven image, and pray to a god who cannot save. Proclaim and approach; even [let your leaders] take counsel together: Who let this be heard from aforetimes, or related it from [times] of Old? Is it not I, HaShem? There is no other God besides Me; there is no righteous God besides Me, and no Savior other than Me. Turn to Me and be saved, all ends of the Earth; for, I am God and there is no other. I swear by Myself, Righteousness has gone forth from My Mouth, a Word that will not be rescinded: that to Me shall every knee bend and every tongue swear.’”
(Isaiah 45:18-23).
However, proponents of the theological view that we all pray to the same God assert that the foregoing admonitions refer only to polytheistic and/or idol-worshipping religions, and not to religions, such as Christianity and Islam, that accept the God of Israel as the one and only God. The response to this assertion is that the God of Israel (in fulfillment of Deuteronomy 13:2-5) is testing our people by enticing us, not with an obvious form of Avodah Zarah, but rather with one that is fully-cloaked in our own monotheistic garments, and that is consequently much more difficult to identify and expose.
For this reason, an analysis of the history and fundamental tenets of Christianity and Islam is necessary in order to answer the following fundamental question, to wit:
Is it possible that the God of Israel, being the God of Truth and Consistency, disseminated contradictory Revelations to the World?
Christianity revolves around the purported birth, life, death, resurrection, ascension and teachings of Yeshu ben Yosef (Jesus son of Joseph) -- a Jew who purportedly lived in the Land of Israel approximately 2,000 years ago during the late 1st Century BCE and the early 1st Century CE -- and the purported lives, deaths and teachings of his early disciples. Jesus is purported to have died via crucifixion circa 30 CE.
The Christian Bible is comprised of two conflicting Testaments, denominated as the “Old Testament” and the “New Testament”, which Christianity attempts to bind together in order to create the fraudulent appearance of prophetic continuity.
The first Testament of the Christian Bible is pejoratively denominated by Christianity as the “Old Testament”, which comprises in certain verses an intentionally-flawed Greek-language translation of the Hebrew Bible and sometimes (based upon the different inclusion decisions of each Christian sect) certain books of Greek-language apocryphal literature. Christianity’s flawed translation of the Hebrew Bible was produced by the early Church in order to retroactively manufacture prophetic support in the mistranslated text of the Hebrew Bible for Christianity’s claim that Jesus was the Messiah promised by the Hebrew Bible. This flawed translation of the Hebrew Bible was incorporated into the Christian Bible, because the latter viewed the former as its historical and theological foundation. However, it would not have served Christianity’s purpose to imply parity between the Hebrew Bible and the “New Testament”. So, instead of denominating the Hebrew Bible as the “First Testament” or as the “Original Testament”, Christianity denominated it as the “Old Testament”.
The second Testament of the Christian Bible is triumphantly denominated by Christianity as the “New Testament”, which was composed in the Greek language. The earliest portion of the “New Testament” is the non-disputed “Epistles of Paul” (also known as the “Pauline Letters”), being those 7 out of 14 letters traditionally attributed to the purported apostle Paul that appear to have been authored by the same person, whether or not that person was the purported evangelist Paul (who had purportedly been born as “Saul of Tarsus”), to wit:
Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, 1 Thessalonians, Philippians, and Philemon.
The non-disputed “Epistles of Paul” emerged over a 10-year period beginning approximately 20 years after the purported crucifixion of Jesus (i.e., circa 50 CE - circa 60 CE). It is noteworthy that Paul never claimed to have encountered Jesus during the latter’s purported lifetime -- rather only after the latter’s purported death via a visitation consisting of a blinding light and the latter’s disembodied voice (see the conflicting accounts of that postmortem visitation at Acts 9:3-9, 22:6-11 & 26:12-16).
However, the core of the “New Testament” is the chronologically-subsequent “Gospels” portion thereof, comprising the four often-conflicting narratives of the purported birth, life, death, resurrection, ascension and teachings of Jesus, created by the unknown authors subsequently “identified” (per their order of placement in the “New Testament”) as “Matthew”, “Mark”, “Luke”, and “John” by Christian bishop Irenaeus of Lugdunum (which is present-day Lyon, France) in 175 CE -- being approximately 105 years after the earliest gospel narrative (i.e., the “Gospel of Mark”) was written, and approximately 75 years after the latest gospel narrative (i.e., the “Gospel of John”) was written. Alternatively stated, the names of the authors of the four “Gospels” are unknown, but -- for credibility purposes -- those authors were assigned the pseudonyms of “Matthew”, “Mark”, “Luke”, and “John” in 175 CE, which pseudonyms were thereafter marketed as being their actual names.
The earliest gospel narrative of Jesus -- the “Gospel of Mark” -- was written circa 70 CE, being approximately 20 years after the earliest appearance of the non-disputed “Epistles of Paul” and approximately 40 years after the purported crucifixion of Jesus, while the latest gospel narrative of Jesus -- the “Gospel of John” -- was written circa 100 CE, being approximately 50 years after the earliest appearance of the non-disputed “Epistles of Paul” and approximately 70 years after the purported crucifixion of Jesus. This means that the author of the non-disputed “Epistles of Paul” and his next-generation acolytes were afforded many decades to define -- without hindrance -- the major doctrines of early Christianity, initially in a pre-“Gospels” environment and subsequently in a partial-“Gospels” environment.
The centerpiece of Christianity is the assertion that Jesus is the “Son of God”, that he was consequently the Messiah promised by the Hebrew Bible and that he was -- and, by virtue of his Heavenly Father’s Design, had to be -- tortured and murdered in order to become an Atonement for the Sins of those persons who accepted him as their Savior, after which he was resurrected from death before ascending to his Heavenly Father (regarding Jesus’ purported Death by Design as Atonement for Sin: see Matthew 16:21, 26:2, 26:21, 26:45-46 & 26:56; Mark 10:33-34 & 10:45; Luke 9:22 & 22:14-22; John 1:29, 6:51, 7:1-8, 7:30, 8:20 & 13:10-26; Romans 8:3; 1 Corinthians 15:3; Hebrews 9:11-14, 9:23-28 & 10:1-10; and Revelation 1:5; and regarding Jesus’ purported Resurrection: see Matthew 28:1-8; Mark 16:1-18; Luke 24:1-43; John 20:1-29 & 21:1-14; and 1 Corinthians 15:4; and regarding Jesus’ purported Ascension: see Mark 16:19; Luke 24:50-51; and Acts 1:1-11).
Contrariwise, according to the Hebrew Bible, the true Messiah will neither be a demigod nor (as normative Christianity claims with respect to Jesus) a being that is fully God as well as fully human. Rather, he will be born only of human parents, and he will consequently be fully human -- and only fully human. Moreover, nowhere in the Hebrew Bible does it declare whether he will be able to perform miracles, as that ability -- if he possesses it -- is irrelevant to his status as the Messiah. Furthermore, nowhere in the Hebrew Bible does it declare that he will be tortured and/or murdered and/or be rendered an Atonement for Sin. Rather, the Messiah promised by the Hebrew Bible is prophesied to accomplish four extraordinary feats, namely:
(1) the complete defeat of Israel’s enemies (see Genesis 12:3; Numbers 24:8-9; Deuteronomy 32:43; Isaiah 52:10 & 59:17-21; Jeremiah 2:3, 30:11 & 33:15-16; Ezekiel 37:24-25 & 38:3 - 39:6; Joel 4:1-2; Amos 9:15; Zephaniah 3:12-20; Zechariah 14:2-13; Malachi 3:19-21; and Daniel 7:14); and
(2) the erection of the Third Temple in Jerusalem (see Isaiah 2:2 & 56:7 and Ezekiel 37:26-28, which verses make it clear that the Temple will not then be in existence -- as the Second Temple was during throughout the purported lifetime of Jesus -- when the true Messiah begins his redemptive mission); and
(3) the initiation of the era of universal knowledge of the God of Israel (see Isaiah 2:3 &11:9; Jeremiah 31:33; Ezekiel 37:28; Zephaniah 3:9; Micah 4:1-2; and Zechariah 8:20-23 & 14:9); and
(4) the initiation of the era of universal peace among the nations (Isaiah 2:4 & 11:6-8; Micah 4:3-4; and Zechariah 8:3-6 & 9:9-10).
-- and to do all of these things during his lifetime.
Jesus, however, did not accomplish any of these feats during his purported lifetime; nor did he accomplish any of these feats between his purported Resurrection and his purported Ascension. The fact that Jesus failed to fulfill any of these messianic prophecies forced the early Church: (a) to repurpose the Messiah’s mission from fulfilling the prophecies of the Hebrew Bible (the accomplishment of which is subject to empirical proof) to atoning for the Sins of believers (the accomplishment of which is not subject to empirical proof) and (b) to simultaneously claim that Jesus would return to Earth to accomplish that which he failed to accomplish before his purported Ascension (see Matthew 24:32-35; Mark 13:21-37; John 21:22-23; Acts 1:11; 2 Thessalonians 1:7-10; Hebrews 9:28; and Revelation 1:7 & 19:11-16). This promised Return is commonly known as the “Second Coming” or the “Second Advent”, although, to be precise, it should be denominated as the “Third Coming” or the “Third Advent” (as, purportedly, Jesus has already appeared twice on Earth, to wit: the first time from his purported birth to his purported crucifixion, and the second time from his purported Resurrection to his purported Ascension). Contrariwise, the true Messiah, who will have accomplished all his assigned tasks during his lifetime, will have no need to resurrect after death, or to return after ascension for that purpose.
One of the most fundamental doctrines of Christianity is that of the “Curse of Original Sin”. This doctrine posits that all human beings inherit, at birth, Humanity’s first Sin, namely, the consumption by Adam and Eve of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil (see Genesis 2:15-17 & 3:1-23). Consequently, according to Christianity, human beings are, by their very nature, Evil; and such a fatal congenital stain on their souls cannot be expunged except through their acceptance of Jesus as their Savior. As the Christian Bible declares:
“As it is written, there is none righteous; no, not one.”
(Romans 3:10)
“Wherefore, as Sin came into the World through one man [i.e., Adam], and Death through [Adam’s] Sin; and so Death spread to all men because all men sinned [through Adam].”
(Romans 5:12);
“For, as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive.”
(1 Corinthians 15:22)
However, the “New Testament” contradicts itself on this foundational pillar of Christianity when it implies that the parents of John the Baptist were not stained with the “Curse of Original Sin”, by declaring:
“In the time of Herod [the Great] king of Judea there was a priest named Zechariah, who belonged to the priestly division of Abijah; his wife Elizabeth was also a descendant of Aaron. Both of them were righteous in the Sight of God, observing all of the Lord’s Commandments and Decrees blamelessly.”
(Luke 1:5-6)
Contrariwise, one of the most fundamental doctrines of Judaism is that God has created all human beings in His Image; and, consequently, all human beings are born innocent of Sin, including the “Original Sin”. Judaism teaches that God has bestowed upon every human being the Gift of Free Will to enable each human being to prospectively choose between doing Good and doing Evil, which Gift is the negation of the concept of the “Curse of Original Sin”.
As the Hebrew Bible declares:
“And God said: ‘Let us make Man in Our Image, after Our Likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the bird of the sky, and over the animal, and over all the Earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the Earth.’ So God created Man in His Own Image, in the Image of God He created him; male and female He created them. And God blessed them, and God said to them: ‘Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the Earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the bird of the sky and over every living thing that moves upon the Earth.’”
(Genesis 1:26-28); and
“Fathers shall not be put to death because of sons, and sons shall not be put to death because of fathers; a man should be put to death [only] for his own Sin.”
(Deuteronomy 24:16); and
“‘His father, because he has cruelly oppressed [his fellow Jew], has robbed loot from [his] brother, and did that which is not good among his people -- behold, he died for his Sin. Yet you say: “Why did the son not bear the Iniquity of the father?”; but the son performed [acts of] Justice and Righteousness, and kept all My Laws and performed them; [consequently,] he shall surely live! The soul that sins, it shall die; a son shall not share the Iniquity of his father, and a father shall not share the Iniquity of his son; the Righteousness of the righteous person shall be upon him, and the Wickedness of the wicked person shall be upon him.’”
(Ezekiel 18:18-20)
Furthermore, not only are the descendants of Adam and Eve not stained with the “Curse of Original Sin”, but God did not even curse Adam and Eve as a punishment for their Sin; rather, their punishment was Exile from the Garden of Eden, together with the harsh consequences that flow naturally therefrom (i.e., they were made subject to the routine hardships of life, such as pain in childbirth and arduous cultivation of crops (see Genesis 3:16-23)).
While it is true that, as soon as a human being has acquired the ability to distinguish between Right and Wrong, the inclination to perpetrate Evil embeds itself within his heart (see Genesis 8:21), it is equally true that the ability to overcome that inclination is simultaneously planted within his heart. For, in the most profound and definitive Declaration to be found anywhere in the Hebrew Bible concerning a human being’s relationship to Sin, Redemption and Free Will, the God of Israel explains to Adam’s son Cain (after He has rejected Cain’s agricultural offering as being insincere) that every human being, even after abysmal failure, has been gifted by Him with the ability to triumph anew over Temptation by exercising his Free Will to choose Good over Evil. As the Hebrew Bible relates:
“And HaShem said to Cain: ‘Why are you annoyed, and why has your countenance fallen? Surely, if you improve yourself, you will be forgiven. But if you do not improve yourself, Sin rests at the Door. Its desire is towards you; yet you can conquer it.’”
(Genesis 4:6-7).
The Hebrew Bible repeats this Redemptive Message many times, including through the Prophet Ezekiel, who -- speaking in God’s Name -- declares:
“‘As for the wicked one, if he repents from all of his Sins that he committed, and he observes all of My Decrees and performs [acts of] Justice and Righteousness, [then] he shall surely live; he shall not die [because of his Sins]! All of his transgressions that he committed shall not be remembered against him; he shall live because of the [acts of] Righteousness that he did. Do I desire at all the death of the wicked one? -- the Oration of the Lord HaShem; is it not rather [that I desire] his repentance from his [evil] ways, that he might live? … And if the wicked one turns away from his Wickedness that he did and performs [acts of] Justice and Righteousness, [then] he will cause his soul to live. Because he contemplated and repented from all of his transgressions that he did he shall surely live; he shall not die [because of his Sins]!’”
(Ezekiel 18:21-23 & 27-28); and
“‘Now, O mortal, say to the House of Israel: “This is what you say -- saying: ‘Our Transgressions and our Sins weigh heavily upon us; we are sick at heart about them. How can we survive?’” ‘Say to them: “As I live -- the Oration of the Lord HaShem -- it is not My Desire that the wicked one shall die, but that the wicked one turn from his [evil] ways and live. Turn back, turn back from your evil ways, that you may not die, O House of Israel!”’”
(Ezekiel 33:10-11)
The Prophet Isaiah -- also speaking in God’s Name -- concurs:
“‘Seek HaShem when He can be found; call upon Him when He is near. Let the wicked one forsake his way and the evil man his thoughts; let him return to HaShem, and He will show him mercy -- [let him return] to our God, for He is abundantly forgiving.’”
(Isaiah 55:6-7)
Consequently, Judaism rejects the concept of the “Curse of Original Sin”.
Moreover, in contravention of God’s Promise to Cain and God’s serial reiteration of that Redemptive Message, Christianity posits that -- due to the “Curse of Original Sin” -- a person cannot, by his own righteous conduct, hope to receive God’s Love and Salvation. On the contrary, according to Christianity, without God’s bestowal of His Grace upon the righteous person who accepts Jesus as Savior, that righteous person will nonetheless suffer God’s Wrath. As the “New Testament” declares:
“For it is by [God’s] Grace that you have been saved -- through Faith [in God]; and this is not from [any righteous act done by] yourselves. It is the Gift of God -- not by Works [i.e., righteous conduct], so that no one can boast [that he has purchased his Salvation by means of righteous conduct].”
(Ephesians 2:8-9); and
“But, when [through] the Kindness and Love of God, our Savior appeared, He saved us, not because of righteous things we had done, but because of His Mercy.”
(Titus 3:4-5); and
“For, Law [i.e., Commandments of the Torah] brings [God’s] Wrath; and where there is no Law, there is no Transgression [i.e., commission of Sins].”
(Romans 4:15)
Even the evildoer who accepts Jesus as Savior is eligible for the bestowal of God’s Grace. As the “New Testament” declares:
“Now when a man works, his wages are not credited to him as
a gift [from his employer], but as an obligation [owed to him by his employer].
However, to the man who does not work [i.e., does not perform
righteous deeds], but trusts in God Who justifies the Wicked [who
accepts Jesus as his Savior], his Faith [in God] is credited as Righteousness.”
(Romans 4:4-5)
The foregoing theological formula was purportedly
implemented when the crucified Jesus purportedly promised a criminal, who was
also being crucified, that -- due to that criminal’s faith in God -- he would
enter Paradise together with Jesus (see Luke 23:32-43).
Why does Christianity (per Romans 4:15) assert
that the Commandments of the Torah trigger God’s Wrath, and that, in the absence
of those Commandments, there would have been no commission of Sins? Christianity’s novel theory is that (1) the
Jewish people were originally ignorant of specified Sins until the Torah, by
forbidding the Jewish people from committing those Sins, revealed to them the
existence of those Sins, as a result of which the Jewish people were enabled to
commit those previously-unknown Sins, thereby incurring God’s Wrath; and (2) if
the Torah had not been given to the Jewish people, then the latter would have
remained ignorant of those Sins, as a result of which they would have been
unable to commit those unknown Sins.
That is why the apostle Paul, being
nascent Christianity’s preeminent evangelist (together with the apostle Peter)
in the immediate postmortem period, purportedly declared in his purported
letter to the church in Rome, to wit:
“The Law [i.e., the
Commandments of the Torah] was brought in so that the Trespass [i.e.,
the commission of Sins] might increase. …”
(Romans 5:20)
As the apostle Paul purportedly further explained,
to wit:
“What shall we say, then?
Is the Law sinful? Certainly not! Nevertheless, I would not have known
what Sin was had it not been for the Law. For, I would not have known what
coveting really was if the Law had not said, ‘You shall not covet.’ But Sin,
seizing the opportunity afforded by the Commandment, produced in me every kind
of coveting. For apart from the Law, Sin was dead [i.e., Sin was unable to
tempt me]. Once I was [spiritually]
alive apart from the Law; but when the Commandment came, Sin sprang to life
[i.e., Sin was able to tempt me], and I [spiritually] died. I found that the
very Commandment that was intended to bring [spiritual] Life actually brought
[spiritual] Death. For Sin, seizing the
opportunity afforded by the Commandment, deceived me, and -- through the
Commandment -- put me to [spiritual] death. So then, the Law is holy, and the
Commandment is holy, righteous and good. Did that which is good [i.e., the
Commandment] then become [spiritual] death to me? By no means! Nevertheless,
in order that Sin might be recognized as Sin, it used what is good [i.e., the
Commandment] to bring about my [spiritual] death, so that, through the
Commandment, Sin might become utterly sinful.”
(Romans 7:7-13)
The seminal Christian doctrine known as “Justification by Faith Alone” rejects the belief that God’s recognition of a person’s righteousness is achieved by means of that person’s righteous conduct. For Jews being proselytized by the early Church, this doctrine constituted a rejection of Judaism’s belief that Righteousness was exhibited through obedience to the Commandments of the Torah. For pagans being proselytized by the early Church, none of whom were bound by the Commandments of the Torah, this doctrine constituted a rejection of the common-sense belief that Righteousness was exhibited through the performance of good deeds. This doctrine instead asserts that Righteousness is obtained through Faith alone, thereby implicitly asserting that, when the God of Israel communicated His Commandments to the Jewish people, He committed an Act of Deception. This is because God did not actually desire that the Jewish people attempt to comply with His Commandments, as such a futile endeavor did not lead to Righteousness, but it only increased the commission of Sins, thereby resulting in spiritual Death, and triggering God’s Wrath. On the contrary, according to this doctrine, God desired that proselytized Jews ignore the Commandments, and that proselytized pagans cease viewing good deeds as a necessity, and that both groups live by Faith alone in hopes of thereby obtaining God’s recognition of their righteousness through faith, and thereby potentially experiencing God’s bestowal of His Grace upon them. Consequently, via this doctrine, Christianity falsely attributes to the God of Israel the Trait of Deception. This false attribution of Character to the God of Israel is a blatant violation of the Torah’s Third Commandment (see Exodus 20:7 and Deuteronomy 5:11), which forbids misrepresenting the Character of God.
Obviously, for Christianity to make any theological sense to its target audience, its earliest evangelists had no choice but to reject Righteous Conduct as the Way to God’s Love and Salvation in favor of an assertion that God’s Love and Salvation was granted only to those believers in Jesus upon whom God has bestowed His Gift of Grace. For, if anyone (whether Jew or Gentile) could attain God’s Love and Salvation merely by acting righteously, then any belief in a crucified Jesus as Humanity’s Savior is thereby rendered illogical and, consequently, superfluous. The apostle Paul recognized this logical fallacy in Christian theology when he purportedly declared in his purported letter to the church in Rome, to wit:
“It was not through Law [i.e., adherence to the Commandments of the Torah] that Abraham and his offspring received the Promise that he would be Heir of the World, but through the Righteousness that comes by Faith. For, if those who live by Law are heirs, Faith has no value, and the Promise is worthless.”
(Romans 4:13-14),
and when he purportedly declared in his purported letter to the churches in Galatia (being a Roman province located in present-day central Turkey), to wit:
“I do not set aside the Grace of God, for if Righteousness [i.e., God’s recognition of a person as being righteous] could be gained through the Law [i.e., adherence to the Commandments of the Torah], then Christ died for nothing!”
(Galatians 2:21).
However, notwithstanding its consistent disparagement of Righteous Conduct as the Way to God’s Love and Salvation, the “New Testament” contradicts itself on the fundamental doctrine of “Justification By Faith Alone”, as it also hosts some contrary declarations.
For example, the “Epistle of James” correctly declares that Faith without Righteous Conduct is worthless, to wit:
“What good is it, my brothers and sisters, if someone claims to
have faith, but has no [righteous] deeds? Can such faith
save them? Suppose a brother or a sister is without clothes and daily food. If one of you says to them, ‘Go in peace; keep
warm and well fed,’ but does nothing about their physical needs, what good is
it? In the same way, faith
by itself, if it is not accompanied by [righteous] action, is
dead. But someone will say, ‘You have faith; I have deeds.’ Show me your faith
without deeds, and I will show you my faith by my deeds. You believe that there is one God. Good!
Even the demons believe that and shudder. You
foolish person, do you want evidence that faith without deeds is useless? Was not our father Abraham considered righteous for what
he did when he offered his son Isaac on the altar? You see that his faith and his actions
were working together, and his faith was made complete
by what he did. And the Scripture was fulfilled that says, ‘Abraham believed
God, and it was credited to him as Righteousness,’ and he was called God’s
Friend. You see that
a person is considered righteous by what they do, and not
by faith alone. In the same way, wasn’t
even Rahab the prostitute considered righteous for what she did
when she gave lodging to the spies [sent by Moses to infiltrate Jericho], and
sent them off in a different direction [so that they would not be captured]? As the body without the spirit is dead, so
faith without [righteous] deeds is dead.”
(James 2:14-26)
However, as the foregoing letter
was directed exclusively to the Jewish people (see James 1:1), it was
obviously intended to be a conversionary missive. For such proselytism to be successful,
the letter’s evangelistic author needed to dishonestly persuade his Jewish
audience that Christianity and Judaism viewed the interplay
between Faith and Righteous Conduct identically, which is why the author
eloquently -- but deceptively -- refuted Christianity’s doctrine of “Justification
by Faith Alone”. In this context, it
is noteworthy that (as discussed elsewhere in this Essay) the apostle Paul
purportedly endorsed the use of deception to persuade people to
become Christians (see 1 Corinthians 9:20-23; and Philippians 1:18).
Yet, the “New Testament” hosts another
refutation of the doctrine of “Justification by Faith Alone”; and
this refutation is unsullied by conversionary motives, to wit:
“‘Then I saw a great white Throne and Him who was seated on it. The Earth and the Heavens fled from His Presence, and there was no place for them [to hide]. And I saw the dead [people], great and small, standing before the Throne, and Books [of Accountability] were opened. Another Book was opened, which is the Book of Life. The dead [people] were judged according to what they had done [during their respective lives], as recorded in the Books. The Sea gave up the dead [people] that were in it, and Death and Hades [i.e., the Underworld] gave up the dead [people] that were in them, and each [dead] person was judged according to what he had done [during his life].’”
(Revelation 20:11-13)
It is noteworthy that, according to Revelation 20:11-13, the souls of deceased persons will be judged, not according to whether God had bestowed upon or withheld from them His Grace while they were alive, but rather according to the righteous deeds or evil deeds that they had performed while they were alive.
The foregoing contradictory verses regarding the interplay between Faith and Righteous Conduct undermine the credibility of the “New Testament” as the Word of God. For, either those verses which establish the doctrine of “Justification by Faith Alone” constitute God’s Truth, or those verses which demolish that doctrine constitute God’s Truth -- as simple logic dictates that the creation of the doctrine and its negation cannot both be God’s Truth. Ironically, Jesus purportedly uttered an axiom that, although issued in a different context, is very relevant to the foregoing conclusion, to wit:
“… ‘Every kingdom divided against itself will be ruined, and every city or household divided against itself will not stand.’”
(Matthew 12:25; this axiom also appears with slight variation at Mark 3:24-25 and Luke 11:17)
In contrast to Christianity, Judaism does not accept the absurd and insolent premise that obedience to God’s Commandments, which is the embodiment of Righteousness, constitutes an attempt to bribe one’s way into Heaven. As the Hebrew Bible, in repudiation of Christianity’s misleading characterization (in Romans 4:13) of God’s relationship with Abraham, declares, to wit:
“And HaShem said: ‘Shall I conceal from Abraham what I do, now that Abraham is surely to become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the Earth shall bless themselves by him? For I have loved him [Abraham], because he commands his children and his household after him that they keep the Way of HaShem -- [by]doing [acts of] Righteousness and Justice -- in order that HaShem might then bring upon Abraham that which He had spoken of him.’”
(Genesis 18:17-19); and
“‘I will make your [i.e., Isaac’s] descendants as numerous as the stars of Heaven, and I will assign to your descendants all these lands, so that all the nations of the Earth shall bless themselves by your descendants, because [your father] Abraham obeyed Me and kept My Charge: My Commandments, My Laws, and My Teachings.’”
(Genesis 26:4-5)
And, reiterating the fundamental Judaic precept that obedience to God’s Commandments is the Key to Life, the Prophet Ezekiel subsequently declares in God’s Name, to wit:
“‘…but the son performed [acts of] Justice and Righteousness, and kept all My Laws and performed them; [consequently,] he shall surely live!’”
(Ezekiel 18:19)
Clearly, according to Judaism, God showers His Love upon the righteous person precisely because the latter, by virtue of obeying God’s Commandments, acts righteously.
Yet, doesn’t Christianity -- a religion which claims to be based upon the allegedly liberating concept of radiating Love rather the allegedly repressive concept of adhering to God’s Commandments -- favorably distinguish itself from Judaism by virtue of Jesus’ proclamation of the doctrine commonly known as the “Golden Rule”? Well, no.
The “New Testament” depicts Jesus as saying, to wit:
“‘So, in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the Law [i.e., the Torah] and [the teachings of] the Prophets.’”
(Matthew 7:12); and
“‘Do to others as you would have them do to you.’”
(Luke 6:31)
However, as is conceded by the rendering of the “Golden Rule” in the “Gospel of Matthew”, that laudable concept was already firmly established within Judaism. For, as God declares to the Jewish people, to wit:
“‘You shall not hate your brother in your heart; you shall reprove your fellow, but you shall not incur Sin because of him. You shall not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the members of your people, but you shall love your fellow as yourself; I am HaShem.’”
(Leviticus 19:17-18)
Accordingly, the “Golden Rule” is actually a Torah Commandment, which was adopted but rarely practiced by the adherents of normative Christianity.
However, the “New Testament” contradicts itself on the centrality of the “Golden Rule” when it depicts Jesus as demanding that his followers hate their own families, to wit:
“If anyone comes to me and does not hate [his] father and mother, [his] wife and children, [his] brothers and sisters -- yes, even their own life -- such a person cannot be my disciple.”
(Luke 14:26)
Even worse, Jesus purportedly claimed that his messianic role required him to incite such familial hatred, to wit:
“‘Do not suppose that I [Jesus] have come to bring peace to the Earth. I did not come to bring peace, but a sword. For, I have come to turn a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law. A man’s enemies will be the members of his own household.’”
(Matthew 10:34-36; this account also appears with slight variation at Luke 12:49-53)
Moreover, in an unnecessary display of disrespect for his own mother, Jesus purportedly repudiated a blessing bestowed upon his mother by a woman purportedly attending one of his purported lectures, to wit:
“As Jesus was saying these things, a woman in the crowd called out, ‘Blessed is the mother who gave you birth and nursed you.’ He [Jesus] replied, ‘Blessed rather are those who hear the Word of God and obey it.’”
(Luke 11:27-28)
Per all of the foregoing, Jesus thereby contradicted his purported declaration that children are required to honor their parents (see Matthew 19:19; Mark 10:19; and Luke 18:20), as is commanded by the Torah (see Exodus 20:11; Deuteronomy 5:15).
Another seminal doctrine of Christianity is known as “Holy Communion”, by which Christians symbolically cannibalize Jesus by consuming unleavened bread and wine that have been sacramentally transformed -- in a process known as “Transubstantiation” -- into Jesus’ body and blood. Per the synoptic gospels, this doctrine was purportedly enunciated by Jesus to his apostles during the Passover meal, which was subsequently denominated as the “Last Supper” (see Matthew 26:26-29; Mark 14:22-24; and Luke 22:19-20). However, per the “Gospel of John”, this same doctrine was purportedly enunciated by Jesus approximately one year before the “Last Supper” (see John 6:4) to the larger Jewish public at a synagogue in Capernaum (which is present-day Kfar Nahum, Israel) on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee (see John 6:48-59). If the occurrence of both pronouncements are to be believed, then we would be confronted with an obvious absurdity, namely, that Jesus revealed one of the paramount doctrines of his ministry to the general public well before he revealed that doctrine to his closest acolytes. Moreover, it is noteworthy, as well as unsurprising, that this doctrine elaborately evolved over the estimated 30 years that elapsed between its terse description in the “Gospel of Mark” (being the earliest Gospel chronologically) and its lavish description in the “Gospel of John” (being the latest Gospel chronologically), to wit:
“While they [Jesus’ apostles] were eating, Jesus took [unleavened] bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and gave it to his disciples, saying, ‘Take it; this is my body.’ Then he took a cup [of wine], and when he had given thanks, he gave it to them, and they all drank from it. ‘This is my blood of the [New] Covenant, which is poured out for many,’ he said to them.”
(Mark 14:22-24); and
“‘I [Jesus] am the bread of life. Your ancestors ate the manna in the wilderness, yet they died. But here is the bread that comes down from Heaven, which anyone may eat and not die. I am the living bread that came down from Heaven. Whoever eats this bread will live forever. This bread is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the World.’ Then the Jews began to argue sharply among themselves, ‘How can this man give us his flesh to eat?’ Jesus said to them, ‘Very truly I tell you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man [i.e., Jesus] and drink his blood, you have no life in you. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise them up at the Last Day. For, my flesh is real food, and my blood is real drink. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me, and I in them. Just as the living Father sent me, and I live because of the Father, so the one who feeds on me will live because of me. This is the bread that came down from Heaven. Your ancestors ate manna and died, but whoever feeds on this bread will live forever.’ He said this while teaching in the synagogue in Capernaum.”
It is noteworthy that, in the “Gospel of John”, Jesus gruesomely insists that, by engaging in “Holy Communion”, his followers will actually (rather than symbolically) be eating his flesh and drinking his blood by means of “Transubstantiation”.
The doctrine of “Holy Communion” represents Christianity’s appropriation of the theophagy of the pagan world, which was prevalent during the 1st Century CE, whereby it was believed that drinking the blood of the Egyptian god Osiris (who controlled, inter alia, Life, Death, the Afterlife, and Resurrection) would transfer to the imbiber a portion of that god’s power over those matters.
Contrariwise, the God of Israel not only abhors cannibalism (whether real or symbolic), but He also explicitly forbids consuming the blood even of animals killed for food, to wit:
“‘Every [non-human] creature that lives shall be yours to eat; as with the green grasses, I give you all of these. However, you must not eat flesh with its life-blood in it.’”
(Genesis 9:3-4, addressed to Noah and his progeny after the Flood); and
“‘And you must not consume any blood, either of bird or of animal, in any of your settlements. Anyone who eats blood shall be cut off from his people.’”
(Leviticus 7:26-27, addressed to the Hebrew tribes after the Exodus from Egypt); and
“‘Therefore, I say to the Children of Israel: No person among you shall partake of blood, nor shall the stranger [i.e., Gentile] who resides among you partake of blood. And if any person from the Children of Israel or any stranger [i.e., Gentile] who resides among them hunts down an animal or a bird that may be eaten, he shall pour out its blood and cover it with earth. For, [regarding] the life of all flesh -- its blood is its life. Therefore, I say to the Children of Israel: You shall not partake of the blood of any flesh, for the life of all flesh is its blood. Anyone who partakes of it shall be cut off [from his people].’”
(Leviticus 17:12-14, addressed to the Hebrew tribes after the Exodus from Egypt)
Moreover, nowhere in the Hebrew Bible is there even a hint that the Jewish people must symbolically cannibalize the Messiah in order to achieve Communion with God.
Christianity posits that Judaism’s alleged doctrinal errors caused the God of Israel to raise up Christianity in place of Judaism as the spiritual heir of that superseded religious doctrine and as the bearer of God’s “New Covenant”, as manifested in the “New Testament” portion of the Christian Bible (see Hebrews 8:1-13). As the “New Testament”, in an expression of Christian supremacism, declares:
“By calling this Covenant ‘new’, He [God] has made the first one obsolete; and what is obsolete and outdated will soon disappear.”
(Hebrews 8:13).
Accordingly, Christianity claims that, in order to transmit this “New Covenant” to Humankind, the “Holy Spirit” impregnated a woman named Mary (who was engaged to marry a man named Joseph) with Jesus -- thereby (according to the “Gospel of Matthew” and the “Gospel of Luke”) rendering him, upon his birth, as the “Son of God” -- without altering her prior status as a biological virgin (see Matthew 1:18-25; and Luke 1:26-38).
The dogma of the “Virgin Birth” -- springing from the influence upon early Christianity of pagan mythology in which a male god has sexual intercourse with a female human being, thereby resulting in the birth of a demigod -- is scripturally based upon Christianity’s intentional mistranslation of the Hebrew-language word “alma” in the Prophet Isaiah’s famous declaration in Isaiah 7:14 that “the young woman” would give birth to a son named “Immanuel” (a child whom Christianity identifies as Jesus, despite the fact that nowhere in the “New Testament” is Jesus ever referred to -- either by his family or by others -- as Immanuel). The “New Testament” explicitly relies upon Isaiah’s prophecy, as mistranslated and, more importantly, as truncated, when it asserts:
“All of this [the virgin birth of Jesus] took place in order to fulfill what the Lord had said through the Prophet [Isaiah]: ‘A virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son; and they will call him Immanuel’, which means: God with us.”
(Matthew 1:22-23).
Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the actual meaning of the name “Immanuel”, after the application of standard Hebrew-language syntax, is: “God is with us” (i.e., God is protecting us), and not, as the “New Testament” (under the influence of pagan mythology) translates: “God with us” (i.e., God has become one of us).
Moreover, the self-contradictory text of the “New Testament” itself negates any implication that the future son of Joseph and Mary was intended to be called by any name other than “Iesous”, which is rendered from the Greek language into the English language as “Jesus” (see Matthew 1:21 where an unidentified Angel purportedly instructs Joseph in Bethlehem to call his future son by the name “Jesus”; and see the conflicting account in Luke 1:31 where the Angel Gabriel purportedly instructs Mary in Nazareth to call her future son by the name “Jesus”).
Alternatively stated, while the Hebrew Bible unequivocally declares that the child of Isaiah 7:14 would be called “Immanuel”, the “New Testament” contradicts itself on the name of the child by repeating (from Isaiah’s prophecy) that the child would be called “Immanuel” even as it simultaneously declares that the child would, instead, be called “Jesus”.
In one of the most egregious examples of Christianity twisting the Hebrew Bible in order to serve its missionary purposes, the “Old Testament” section of the Christian Bible mistranslated the Hebrew-language word “alma” (meaning: “young woman”) in Isaiah 7:14 as “parthenos” (which is a Greek-language word usually meaning: “virgin”), and then imported that very same mistranslation into the flawed and incomplete repetition of Isaiah’s prophecy that is found in Matthew 1:23. The word “alma” does not denote a virgin. Rather, “alma” describes an adolescent female without regard to her virginity. Alternatively stated, the word “alma” describes a woman’s chronological status rather than her sexual status, although the former status does imply the latter status prior to marriage. Conversely, the Hebrew-language word “betulah” means a “virgin”, and consequently that word explicitly describes a woman’s sexual status. As such, “betulah” is the word used in the Hebrew Bible whenever it wishes to explicitly identify a woman by the fact that she has not yet engaged in sexual intercourse; and Isaiah himself elsewhere employs the word “betulah” multiple times to denote a virgin (see Isaiah 23:12, 37:22 & 47:1).
However, even if the “alma” (“young woman”) of Isaiah’s prophecy was, in fact, a “betulah” (“virgin”), as is likely to have been the case before she was married to her husband, the historical context of Isaiah’s Prophecy demonstrates that the Prophecy does not even refer to the era of Jesus’ purported birth, namely, either circa 6 BCE (during the reign of Judean King Herod the Great according to Matthew 2:1) or circa 6 CE (during the reign of Syrian Governor Publius Sulpicius Quirinius according to Luke 2:2) -- representing an 11-year birth date discrepancy -- when Judea was either a client kingdom (circa 6 BCE per the “Gospel of Matthew”) or a directly-ruled province (circa 6 CE per the “Gospel of Luke”) of the Roman Empire. Rather, the Prophecy refers to events that occurred more than 700 years prior to Jesus’ purported birth, namely, the coordinated invasion of the southern kingdom of Judah (during the reign of King Ahaz) by the army of the northern kingdom of Israel (during the reign of King Pekah) and the army of the Empire of Aram (during the reign of King Rezin). Moreover (as discussed elsewhere in this Essay), since the context of the Prophecy renders it certain that “the young woman” in Isaiah 7:14 was someone with whom King Ahaz of Judah was personally acquainted circa 735 BCE, it is obvious that: (1) this woman could not have been the “Mary” of the “New Testament”, and (2) this woman’s future son, Immanuel, could not have been the “Jesus” of the “New Testament”.
Furthermore, a review of Isaiah’s complete Prophecy in context also demonstrates that the snippet thereof that heralds the birth of the child Immanuel is not even the subject of the Prophecy. For, that most famous snippet of the Prophecy is merely predicting an interim event, the occurrence of which is intended by the Prophet Isaiah only to provide compelling proof -- in the argot of the Prophet: a “Sign” -- to the faithless King Ahaz of Judah that the final events predicted by the Prophecy will, in fact, also come to pass. What are the final events that constitute the subject of the Prophecy? These final events are the impending destructions of the Empire of Aram (in 732 BCE) and of the northern kingdom of Israel (in 722 BCE), both by the Assyrian Empire, and the subsequent invasion of the southern kingdom of Judah (in 701 BCE), also by the Assyrian Empire.
Moreover, the Prophet’s use of the Hebrew-language word “oat” (meaning: “sign”) in the Prophecy to describe that compelling proof (i.e., the interim event) is telling. For, the word “oat” is used in the Hebrew Bible exclusively to denote an empirical event (e.g., the incontestable fact of birth, rather than the contestable means of conception). Had the Prophet intended, instead, to convey to King Ahaz that such compelling proof would exist by faith (i.e., a supernatural conception) rather than by observation (i.e., the existence of a birth), then he would not have employed the Hebrew-language word “oat”. Rather, the Prophet would have employed the Hebrew-language word “nes” (meaning: “miracle”).
However, why does God employ such a routine and mundane event (i.e., the birth of a child to a young woman) as a Sign to King Ahaz? Alternatively stated, why does God use such a seemingly unimpressive Sign to herald the fulfillment of such an important Prophecy? God does this because the importance of the Sign is not in its content but rather in its timing. The Sign’s message to King Ahaz is that the fulfillment of Isaiah’s Prophecy will happen soon (i.e., before the child Immanuel is old enough to choose Good over Evil).
Moreover, in Isaiah 7:14 of the Hebrew Bible, the actual phrase is “ha-alma”, meaning “the young woman”, while in Isaiah 7:14 of the Christian Bible’s “Old Testament”, as imported into Matthew 1:23, that Hebrew-language phrase is incorrectly rendered as “a virgin”. Why did the Christian Bible replace the definite article in Isaiah 7:14 of the Hebrew Bible with the indefinite article in Isaiah 7:14 of the Christian Bible’s “Old Testament” as well as in Matthew 1:23? This portion of the mistranslation of Isaiah 7:14 was done in an effort to obscure the reality that the already-pregnant woman to which Isaiah referred was someone who King Ahaz knew, meaning that the birth of her child Immanuel would consequently happen within months of the utterance of Isaiah’s Prophecy -- not 700 years later.
Here is Isaiah’s complete Prophecy in context:
“It happened in the days of Ahaz, son of Jotham son of Uzziah, king of Judah, that Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, son of Remaliah, king of Israel, went up to wage war against Jerusalem, but they could not triumph over it. It was then told to the House of David [i.e., King Ahaz of the southern kingdom of Judah], saying: ‘Aram has joined with Ephraim [i.e., the northern kingdom of Israel]’; and his heart shuddered, and [also] the heart of his people, like the shuddering of the trees of the forest in the wind. HaShem said to [the Prophet] Isaiah: ‘Go out and meet [King] Ahaz, you and your son Shearjashub, at the edge of the channel of the Upper Pool, at the road of the Launderer’s Field, and say to him, “Be calm and still; do not fear. Let your heart not grow faint before these two smoldering spent firebrands, before the burning anger of [King] Rezin and Aram, and [before] the son of Remaliah [i.e., King Pekah], because Aram, along with Ephraim [the northern kingdom of Israel] and the son of Remaliah [i.e., King Pekah], has counseled evil against you, saying: ‘Let us attack Judah and vex it and annex it to ourselves, and crown the son of Tabeel as king within it’”. Thus said my Lord HaShem/Elohim: ‘It shall not endure and it shall not be! For the capital of Aram is Damascus and the head of Damascus is [King] Rezin. In 65 more years, Ephraim [i.e., the northern kingdom of Israel] will cease to be a people. And the capital of Ephraim [i.e., the northern kingdom of Israel] is Samaria and the head of Samaria is the son of Remaliah [i.e., King Pekah]. If you do not believe this, it is because you lack faith.’ [The Prophet of] HaShem spoke further to [King] Ahaz, saying: ‘Request a Sign for yourself from HaShem your God; request it in the depths [below] or high above.’ But [King] Ahaz said: ‘I will not request; I will not test HaShem.’ He [the Prophet Isaiah] responded: ‘Hear now, O House of David [i.e., King Ahaz of the southern kingdom of Judah]: Is it not enough for you that you treat men [i.e., the Hebrew Prophets] as being helpless, that you [must] also treat even my God as being helpless? Therefore, my Lord Himself will give you a Sign: Behold, the young woman is pregnant and will bear a son, and she will name him Immanuel. He will eat cream and honey as soon as he knows to refuse Evil and to choose Good. For, before the child will know to refuse Evil and to choose Good, the Land of the two kings whom you fear will be laid waste. [Subsequently,] HaShem will bring upon you and upon your people and upon your ancestral House such days as have not come since the Day that Ephraim [i.e., the northern kingdom of Israel] turned away from [the southern kingdom of] Judah: [namely, the invasion of] the king of Assyria.’”
To verify the complete fulfillment of Isaiah’s Prophecy during the reign of Ahaz, King of Judah, and during the reign of his son and successor Hezekiah, King of Judah (during the 8th Century BCE, approximately 700 years before the purported birth of Jesus), please see II Kings 16:1-9, 17:1-6 & 18:1-37; and II Chronicles 28:1-8 & 32:1-23; and also consult extra-biblical historical sources.
Consequently, Jesus is absurdly purported to have fulfilled a mistranslated sentence in a Prophecy, which sentence is not the subject of the Prophecy, and which Prophecy has nothing to do with the Messiah -- let alone the conception or birth of the Messiah.
The misuse of Isaiah 7:14 in order to justify the fable of the virgin birth of Jesus represents only one -- but is among the most consequential -- of the many intentional mistranslations, interpolations, decontextualizations and erroneous narrations of the Hebrew Bible which appear throughout the Christian Bible.
For example, one of the prophecies uttered by the Prophet Micah was also twisted by Christianity in order to support its claim that Jesus was the Messiah prophesied by the Hebrew Bible. Replicating what it did with Isaiah 7:14, the “Gospel of Matthew” also distorted the meaning of Micah 5:1 by using that snippet of Micah’s complete Prophecy (which snippet was itself subjected to interpolation in an effort to create an image of prestige for Bethlehem) in order to make it appear that, according to the Hebrew Bible, the Messiah would be born in Bethlehem, to wit:
“When he [Judean king Herod the Great] had called together all the people’s chief priests and teachers of the Law [i.e., the Torah], he asked them where the Messiah was to be born. They replied, ‘In Bethlehem in Judea; for, this is what the Prophet [Micah] has written: “But you, Bethlehem, in the Land of Judah, are by no means least among the rulers of Judah; for, out of you will come a ruler who will shepherd my people Israel.”’”
(Matthew 2:4-6)
Once the “Gospel of Matthew” was able to fabricate a Bethlehem-birthplace prophecy by truncating, interpolating, and decontextualizing Micah’s Prophecy (which is set forth in Micah 5:1-5), it became easy for this abridged and altered “prophecy” to be fulfilled by portraying Jesus as having been born in Bethlehem.
Here is Micah’s complete Prophecy in context:
“‘And you Bethlehem [on the way] to Efrat are to be least among the thousands of [the clans of] Judah, [but] from you will emerge [a person] to be a ruler in Israel for Me, whose origin is from old [times], from ancient days. So, He [God] will abandon them [the Hebrew tribes] until she who is to bear [a child] has given birth, and the rest of his [the child’s] countrymen shall return to the Children of Israel. And he [the new king of Judah] shall stand and lead by the Strength of HaShem, by the Power of the Name of HaShem his God, and they [the Hebrew tribes] shall dwell [securely]; for, at that time, he [the new king of Judah] shall become great to the ends of the Earth. And there will be peace. If Assyria invades our Land and treads upon our fortresses, we will set up over it [Assyria] seven shepherds and eight mortal princes. And they will shepherd the Land of Assyria with the sword and the Land of Nimrod within its gates; and He [God] will rescue [us] from Assyria, if it invades our Land, and if it treads upon our borders.’” (Micah 5:1-5).
The Prophet Micah was a contemporary of the Prophet Isaiah. It is clear that Micah’s Prophecy has nothing to do with the Messiah -- let alone the birthplace of the Messiah. Rather, the Prophecy deals with the strained relationship between the Kingdom of Judah and the Empire of Assyria at the end of the 8th Century BCE, and specifically refers to the reign of a new king of Judah during that era -- most likely Jerusalem-born Hezekiah, a descendent of King David, the latter having been born in Bethlehem many generations earlier. And Micah’s Prophecy also speaks of an era of peace that did not exist during Jesus’ purported lifetime.
Further refuting the claim that Micah’s Prophecy foretells the birthplace of the Messiah, the transliterated Hebrew-language phrase “bet lechem efrata”, which is usually translated as the name of a place in Micah 5:1, to wit: “Bethlehem [on the way] to Efrat” (see the same geography-based translation of “bet lechem” and “efrata” in Genesis 35:19), can instead be translated as the name of a person, to wit: “Bethlehem [of the clan of] Efrata”, referring to a man named Bethlehem, who was a descendant of Efrata, who was a descendant of Judah (see 1 Chronicles 2:3, 2:50-51, 4:1 & 4:4). If this alternative translation is the correct translation, then Micah 5:1 does not even refer to a place -- let alone the birthplace of the Messiah.
Alternatively stated, like Isaiah’s Prophecy at Isaiah 7:1-17 (which has nothing to do with the Messiah being born of a virgin), Micah’s Prophecy at Micah 5:1-5 (which has nothing to do with the Messiah being born in Bethlehem) deals with events that happened approximately 700 years before the purported birth of Jesus.
Moreover, the “New Testament” also quotes nonexistent prophecies in the Hebrew Bible.
One such nonexistent prophecy in the Hebrew Bible is that the Messiah would be known as a resident of Nazareth (which town is not even mentioned in the Hebrew Bible), to wit:
“And he [i.e., Joseph, together with his wife Mary and their child Jesus] went and lived in a town called Nazareth. So was fulfilled what was said through the [Hebrew] Prophets, that he [the Messiah] would be called a Nazarene [i.e., a resident of Nazareth].”
(Matthew 2:23)
Another such nonexistent prophecy in the Hebrew Bible is that the Messiah would be tortured, murdered and resurrected, to wit:
“He [Jesus] told them [his apostles], ‘This is what is written [in the Hebrew Bible]: “The Messiah will suffer and rise from the dead on the third day.”’”
(Luke 24:46).
It bears repeating that these two “prophecies” are nowhere to be found in the Hebrew Bible.
Furthermore, in an example that encompasses both nonsensicality and illogicality, there is another passage in the “New Testament” (in addition to Matthew 1:22-23) that claims to prophetically fulfill a snippet of a non-prophecy passage of the Hebrew Bible, to wit:
“So, he [Joseph] got up, took the child [Jesus] and his mother [Mary] during the night and left for Egypt, where he stayed until the death of Herod. And so was fulfilled what the Lord had said through the Prophet [Hosea]: ‘Out of Egypt I called My Son.’”
The full verse uttered by the Prophet Hosea, only the second half of which is quoted in Matthew 2:15, is as follows:
“‘When Israel was a child, then I loved him, and out of Egypt [i.e., in order to initiate the Exodus of the Hebrew tribes from Egypt] I called My Son [Israel].’”
(Hosea 11:1)
Firstly, Hosea 11:1 is not a prophecy, as it does not address the Future. Nor is the Messiah even the subject of this verse. Rather, this verse constitutes a brief historical review of God’s initial relationship with the nation of Israel. So, it is nonsensical of the “New Testament” (via Matthew 2:14-15) to claim that Joseph fulfilled Hosea 11:1, or that this nonprophetic verse is even capable of fulfillment.
Secondly, it is illogical for the “New Testament” (via Matthew 2:14-15) to claim that bringing Jesus to Egypt fulfilled an alleged prophecy that Jesus would be removed from Egypt.
Moreover, in addition to quoting nonexistent prophecies from the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament also conjures its own prophecies. For example, Jesus purportedly utters the following prophecy (which he fails to fulfill), to wit:
“Then some of the Pharisees [i.e., adherents of rabbinic Judaism] and teachers of the Law said to him [Jesus], ‘Teacher, we want to see a Sign from you.’ He answered, ‘A wicked and adulterous generation asks for a Sign! But none will be given to it except for the Sign of the Prophet Jonah. For, as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of a huge fish, so the Son of Man [i.e., Jesus] will be three days and three nights in the heart of the Earth.’”
(Matthew 12:38-40)
This “New Testament” prophecy fails for the following two reasons:
Firstly, according to the “New Testament”, Jesus was not buried in the Earth -- let alone deep in the Earth. Rather, his corpse was purportedly placed inside a hollowed-out rock tomb (see Matthew 27:57-60; Mark 15:42-46; and Luke 23:50-53).
Secondly, according to the “New Testament”, Jesus was not dead for three days and three nights. Rather, he purportedly died shortly after 3:00 pm on Friday afternoon (see Matthew 27:45-50; Mark 15:33-37; and Luke 23:44-46), and he was purportedly resurrected prior to dawn on Sunday (see Matthew 28:1-6; Mark 16:1-6; and Luke 24:1-6), meaning that he was purportedly dead for approximately 1.5 days (i.e., half of daytime Friday and all of daytime Saturday) and 2 nights (i.e., Friday night and Saturday night) -- well short of the prophesied 3 days and 3 nights.
However, Jesus also purportedly predicted that the Temple of Jerusalem would be destroyed, to wit:
“As Jesus was leaving the Temple, one of his disciples said to him, ‘Look, Teacher! What massive stones! What magnificent buildings!’ Jesus replied, ‘Do you see all these great buildings? Not one stone here will be left on another; every one [i.e. stone] will be thrown down.’”
(Mark 13:1-2)
Isn’t this an example of a “New Testament” prophecy that was fulfilled? Well, no. As the “Gospel of Mark” was written circa 70 CE, being after the Jewish Revolt against the Roman Empire had already begun (in 66 CE) and being the same year (70 CE) in which the Temple was destroyed by the Empire, it is obvious that the postmortem author of this gospel retroactively portrayed Jesus as -- approximately 40 years earlier -- predicting a “future” event that already taken place in the author’s time. It is telling that this earthshattering prophecy is not mentioned in any of the “Epistles of Paul”, which letters constitute the chronologically-earliest account of Jesus’ purported ministry, and which letters (unlike the “Gospel of Mark”) were indisputably written before (circa 50 CE to circa 60 CE) the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. For, if this momentous prophecy had actually been uttered by Jesus, then this prophecy would have been widely-publicized by the apostle Paul, who became Christianity’s premier evangelist (together with the apostle Peter) in the postmortem period, in order to convince the new religion’s target audience in the immediately-succeeding decades that Jesus had been in the most intimate Communion with the God of Israel during his purported lifetime.
Finally, the most stunning example of a failed “New Testament” prophecy continues to constitute a primary theological pillar of Christianity. For, the “Gospel of Mark” portrays Jesus as repeatedly prophesying that his purported Return was imminent -- so imminent that some of Jesus’ interlocutors in that gospel would still be alive when it happened, to wit:
“And he [Jesus] said to them [the crowd, including his disciples, to whom he was preaching], ‘Truly I tell you, some who are standing here will not taste death before they see that the Kingdom of God [i.e., Jesus’ Return to Earth in order to execute Judgment upon Humankind] has come with Power.’”
(Mark 9:1); and
“‘Now learn this lesson from the fig tree: As soon as its twigs get tender and its leaves come out, you know that Summer is near. Even so, when you see all of these things happening [i.e., the many signs portending the Day of Judgment], you will know that it [i.e., Jesus’ Return to Earth in order to execute Judgment upon Humankind] is near -- right at the door. Truly, I [Jesus] tell you, this generation will certainly not pass away until all these things have happened. Heaven and Earth will pass away, but my words will never pass away.’”
(Mark 13:28-31; this account also appears with slight variation at Matthew 24:32-35); and
“But Jesus remained silent and gave no answer. The [Jewish] high priest again asked him, ‘Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One [i.e., God] ?’ Jesus said, ‘I am. And you [the Jewish high priest] will see the Son of Man [i.e., Jesus] sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One [i.e. God] and coming [back to Earth in order to execute Judgment upon Humankind] on the Clouds of Heaven.’”
(Mark 14:61-62).
Tellingly, the author of the “Gospel of Mark” attempted to remove the obvious risk to Jesus’ credibility -- and consequently to Christianity’s credibility -- by appending to the account at Mark 13:28-31 the following exculpatory statement:
“But about that day or hour [of Jesus’ Return to Earth in order to execute Judgment upon Humankind] no one knows, not even the Angels in Heaven, nor the Son [i.e., Jesus], but only the Father.”
(Mark 13:32; this statement also appears at Matthew 24:36).
And yet -- assuming arguendo the veracity of Christianity’s unrealized prophecy of Jesus’ “Second Coming” -- it strains credulity that Jesus was ignorant of the exact date and hour when he would return to Earth to complete the Apocalypse. This is because Christianity claims that Jesus, in his role as “God the Son”, was in a hypostatic union with “God the Father” and “God the Holy Spirit”, thereby rendering Jesus both fully human and fully God. Consequently, Jesus’ ignorance of the time of his Return can only mean that “God the Father” concealed this crucial information from “God the Son”. Alternatively stated, it can only mean that God concealed this crucial information from Himself -- which is a theological impossibility. Consequently, although Jesus’ claim of ignorance as to the exact time of his Return was initially asserted by the author of the “Gospel of Mark” (and reiterated by the author of the “Gospel of Matthew”) in a clever attempt to prevent this prophecy from being rendered falsifiable in a future generation, that claim of ignorance makes a mockery of the concept of a triune godhead and of Jesus’ coequal status within such a triune godhead.
But Jesus’ claimed ignorance of the exact time of his Return did not prevent him from purportedly declaring that it was nonetheless imminent.
Moreover, the last portion of the “New Testament”, entitled “Revelation”, serially repeats the same falsifiable prophecy, to wit:
“Blessed is the one who reads aloud the words of this prophecy, and blessed are those who hear it and take to heart what is written in it, because the time [of Jesus’ Return to Earth in order to execute Judgment upon Humankind] is near.”
(Revelation 1:3); and
“‘Look, I [Jesus] am coming soon!’ …”
(Revelation 22:7); and
“Then he [the Angel sent by Jesus] told me [the author of “Revelation”], ‘Do not seal up the words of the prophecy of this scroll, because the time [of Jesus’ Return to Earth in order to execute Judgment upon Humankind] is near.’ …”
(Revelation 22:10); and
“‘Look, I [Jesus] am coming soon!’ …”
(Revelation 22:12); and
“He [Jesus] who testifies to these things says, ‘Yes, I [Jesus] am coming soon.’ …”
(Revelation 22:20)
Yet, as is empirically evident, the generation of Humankind alive during the purported lifetime of Jesus did expire, and approximately 100 additional generations of Humankind have also expired -- without any Return of Jesus. Consequently, the fundamental “New Testament” prophecy of Jesus’ imminent Return to Earth is a failed prophecy.
The failed prophecy of Jesus’ imminent Return is not the only patent defect in “Revelation”. That book also prophesies that, during the Apocalypse, 144,000 thousand descendants of the 12 Hebrew tribes of Israel -- being 12,000 people per tribe -- will be marked on their foreheads with God’s Seal. However, there are actually 13 Hebrew tribes if one recognizes the two sons of Joseph, namely, Manasseh and Ephraim, as two distinct Hebrew tribes in substitution for the Hebrew tribe of Joseph (see Genesis 48:5). Consequently, there is either (a) the Hebrew tribe of Joseph (thereby rendering the number of tribes as 12) or (b) the Hebrew tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim (thereby rending the number of tribes as 13).
Alternatively stated, if one counts Joseph as a Hebrew tribe, then one cannot logically count either of his sons Manasseh and Ephraim as Hebrew tribes; and if one counts Manasseh and/or Ephraim as Hebrew tribes, then one cannot logically count their father Joseph as a Hebrew tribe.
Yet, in its confused enumeration of the 12 Hebrew tribes, “Revelation” includes both the tribe of Joseph (thereby recognizing the existence of only 12 Hebrew tribes) and the tribe of Manasseh (thereby contradictorily recognizing the existence of 13 Hebrew tribes) in its 12-tribe count, but it omits the tribe of Ephraim (which is one of the 13 Hebrew tribes if one recognizes 13 Hebrew tribes) and the tribe of Dan (which is always counted as one of the Hebrew tribes, whether one recognizes 12 tribes or 13 tribes) from its flawed count (see Revelation 7:1-8).
In light of the fact that “Revelation” -- like all other books of the “New Testament” -- is deemed by Christianity to be the Word of God, the following question must be asked:
Why would the God of Israel be unable to correctly identify the Hebrew tribes of Israel?
In mainstream Christian belief, Jesus was the sacrificial “Lamb of God” (John 1:29), who descended to Earth in human form as the Messiah, so that he could be tortured and murdered as an Atonement for Humankind’s Sins. Notwithstanding the foregoing recitation of Christianity’s most fundamental creed, this purported sacrificial Atonement did not erase every Sin; and it was not available to every human being. For, it did not erase the Christian Sin of Blasphemy, which can never be forgiven (see Matthew 12:31-32; and Mark 3:28-29); and it was available only to those human beings who accepted Jesus as their Savior (see Mark 16:16; John 3:16-18 & 3:35-36; 2 Thessalonians 1:7-10; and Revelation 21:8).
However, as demonstrated by the previously-quoted portions of the Hebrew Bible (and despite some seemingly-contrary statements in post-biblical rabbinic literature -- e.g., see Babylonian Talmud, Moed Katan 28a), the God of Israel rejects the Christian notion that harming -- let alone torturing and murdering -- an innocent person could ever serve as a “Substitutionary Punishment” (i.e., punishing a person for the Sin of another person) effecting a “Substitutionary Atonement” (i.e., forgiving the Sin of a person, because another person has atoned for that Sin).
Furthermore, although many ancient cultures practiced both human sacrifice and animal sacrifice for various purposes (e.g., to palliate a god’s anger; to secure a bountiful harvest; to ensure victory over an enemy; etc.), the God of Israel restricted the Jewish people to animal sacrifice (and He even permitted paupers to make a flour sacrifice instead of an animal sacrifice -- see Leviticus 5:11-12); but even animal sacrifice could not atone for every type of Sin that might be committed by a Jew (e.g., an intentional Sin, the atonement for which required -- and still requires -- the sinner’s confession and repentance, and a modification of the sinner’s thoughts and behaviors in order to avoid repeating that Sin).
Moreover, the God of Israel has explicitly forbidden the practice of human sacrifice, which is an abomination to Him.
This was demonstrated when God prevented Abraham from appeasing and/or honoring Him by sacrificing his son Isaac (see Genesis 22:9-13). Through this incident, God was forever warning the Jewish people (1) that He would never accept a human sacrifice as an atonement for Sin or for any other purpose, and (2) that any otherwise blameless person who dared to claim that God demanded his murder as an atonement for Sin was thereby acting against -- rather than in compliance with -- the Will of God. Consequently, the Hebrew Bible’s account of the aborted sacrifice of Isaac represents a preemptive repudiation of the central tenet of Christianity that God not only accepted, but orchestrated, a human sacrifice as an atonement for Sin.
However, in case this narrative repudiation of human sacrifice was insufficiently clear to the Jewish people, God also issued numerous declarative repudiations thereof. As the Hebrew Bible states, in God’s Name:
“‘Do not allow any of your offspring to be offered up [as a fire sacrifice] to [the pagan god] Moloch, and do not profane the Name of your God: I am HaShem.’”
(Leviticus 18:21); and
“And HaShem spoke to Moses: ‘Say further to the Children of Israel: “Anyone among the Children of Israel, or among the strangers residing in Israel, who gives any of his offspring [as a fire sacrifice] to [the pagan god] Moloch, shall be put to death; the people of the Land shall pelt him with stones. And I will set My Face against that man and I will cut him off from among his people, because he gave of his offspring to Moloch and so defiled My Sanctuary and profaned My Holy Name. And if the people of the Land should shut their eyes to that man when he gives of his offspring to Moloch, and should not put him to death, then I Myself will set My Face against that man and his kin, and will cut off from among their people both him and all who follow him in going astray after Moloch.’”
(Leviticus 20:1-5); and
“You shall not act in this way towards HaShem your God; for, they [the surrounding nations] perform for their gods every abhorrent act that HaShem detests; they even offer up their sons and daughters in fire to their gods.”
(Deuteronomy 12:31); and
“Thus said HaShem [to the Prophet Jeremiah]: ‘Go, and get a potter's earthen bottle, and take of the elders of the people, and of the elders of the priests, and go forth unto the valley of the son of Hinnom, which is by the entry of the gate Harsith, and proclaim there the Words that I shall tell you, and say: “Hear the Word of HaShem, O kings of Judah, and inhabitants of Jerusalem. Thus says HaShem of hosts, the God of Israel: ‘Behold, I will bring Evil upon this place, and whoever hears of it, his ears shall tingle, because they [the people of Jerusalem] have forsaken Me, and they have estranged this place, and have offered [sacrifices] in it unto other gods, whom neither they nor their fathers have known, nor the kings of Judah [have known]; and they have filled this place with the blood of innocents; and they have built the high places of [the pagan god] Baal, to burn their sons in the fire for burnt offerings unto [the pagan god] Baal; which I did not command, nor have I spoken of it, neither did it come it into My Mind.”’’”
(Jeremiah 19:1-5); and
“They [the people of Jerusalem] turned their backs to Me, not their faces; although I have taught them persistently, they do not give heed or accept rebuke. They placed their abominations in the House which bears My Name and defiled it; and they built the high places of [the pagan god] Baal, which are in the Valley of the son of Hinnom, where they offered up their sons and daughters [as a fire sacrifice] to [the pagan god] Moloch, which I never commanded, nor did it come into My Mind, that they should do such an abomination, and so cause Judah to sin.”
(Jeremiah 32:33-35).
Notwithstanding the biblical principle that God does not punish a person for the Sin of another person, there are times when a person is seemingly punished for the Sin of another person. (e.g., those residents of Sodom and Gomorrah who were killed by bursts of fire and sulfur although they might not have personally engaged in evil activities; those firstborn sons of Pharaonic Egypt who were killed during the 10th Plague although they might not have personally oppressed the Hebrew tribes; and those members of the civilian population of Nazi Germany who were killed during the Anglo-American aerial bombardments of German cities although they might not have personally engaged in the genocidal activities of the Nazi regime). However, such a person was not actually punished for the individual Sin of another person, but rather for the collective Sin of the government to which the person owed his allegiance. Alternatively stated, such a person was actually punished for his own Sin, namely the Sin of belonging to an evil collective. Consequently, although the God of Israel has inflicted collective punishment upon entire peoples in appropriate circumstances, that type of punishment is not imposed upon a person for the individual Sin of another person. Moreover, it cannot be logically claimed that the purported killing of one person (i.e., Jesus) is an example of the collective punishment that is sometimes inflicted by the God of Israel upon an entire people.
The “New Testament”, insists that, after the purported crucifixion of Jesus, a person may only achieve forgiveness for “Original Sin”, as well as for their individual Sins (except for the Christian Sin of Blasphemy) through the active intercession of Jesus, as the “Son of God”, after that person’s acceptance of Jesus as his Savior.
Yet, the “New Testament”, particularly the “Gospel of John”, contradicts itself regarding (a) whether Jesus is merely the “Son of God”, as evidenced by the following verses:
“… ‘My teaching is not my own. It comes from the One Who sent me.’”
(John 7:16); and
“…‘… I am not here on my own authority, but He Who sent me is True. … I am from Him, and He sent me.’”
(John 7:28-29); and
“Jesus said, ‘I am with you for only a short time, and then I am going [back] to the One Who sent me.’”
(John 7:33); and
“‘… the Father is greater than I. … I love the Father and do exactly what my Father has commanded me.’”
(John 14:28-30); and
“‘I came from the Father and entered the World; now I am leaving the World and going back to the Father.’”
(John 16:28); and
“…‘… and tell them, “I am ascending to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God.”’”
(John 20:17);
or (b) whether Jesus is also God Himself, joined together with Him (as well as with the Holy Spirit) in a hypostatic union, whereby Jesus is both fully human and fully God, as evidenced by the following verses:
“In the Beginning [of Creation] was the Word [i.e., Jesus], and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”
(John 1:1); and
“… the one and only Son, who is Himself God …”
(John 1:18); and
“‘Very truly I tell you,’ Jesus answered, ‘before [the Hebrew Patriarch] Abraham was born, I am!’”
(John 8:58); and
“‘I and the Father are One.’”
(John 10:30); and
“‘… the Father is in me, and I [am in] in the Father.’”
(John 10:38); and
“‘Believe me when I say that I am in the Father and the Father is in me …’”
(John 14:11); and
“[The apostle] Thomas said to him [the resurrected Jesus], ‘My Lord and my God!’”
(John 20:28).
However, the notion that any human being (including Jesus) is -- or could be -- God Incarnate was long ago repudiated by God Himself, Who demonstrated and emphasized to the Jewish people that He is Incorporeal, to wit:
“‘And HaShem spoke unto you out of the midst of the Fire; a Voice of Words you heard, but you saw no Form -- only a Voice. … And you should beware greatly for your souls -- for, you saw no manner of Form on the Day that HaShem spoke unto you at [Mount] Horeb out of the midst of the Fire -- lest you will act corruptly by making for yourselves a graven image, even the form of any figure, the likeness of male or female.’”
(Deuteronomy 4:12 & 4:15-16)
Moreover, the Hebrew Bible explicitly declares that God is not a person, to wit:
“‘God is not a human being …’”
(Numbers 23:19); and
“‘… He [God] is not a human being …’”
(I Samuel 15:29)
Moreover, the Hebrew Bible makes it clear that the Jewish people do not require any supernatural intermediary between themselves and God. As declared by the Gentile prophet Balaam concerning the Children of Israel:
“‘It is God [Himself] Who brought them [the tribal descendants of Jacob who are called the Children of Israel] out of Egypt according to the Power of His Loftiness. For, there is no [need to use] Divination in Jacob and no [need to use] Sorcery in Israel [in order to achieve Communion with God]; now it is said [directly] to Jacob and Israel what God has wrought [for them].’”
(Numbers 23:22-23)
And as the Hebrew Bible later imparts to the Jewish people:
“‘Seek HaShem when He can be found; call upon Him when He is near.’”
(Isaiah 55:6); and
“‘Return, Israel, unto HaShem, your God; for, you have stumbled in your Sin. Take words with you and return to HaShem; say to Him: “May You forgive all Sin and accept Good [from us], and let our lips [i.e., prayer] substitute for bulls [i.e., animal sacrifice].”’”
(Hosea 14:2-3); and
“Say unto them [the Jewish people]: ‘Thus said HaShem, Master of Legions: “Return unto Me -- the Oration of Hashem, Master of Legions -- and I will return unto you” said HaShem, Master of Legions.’”
(Zechariah 1:3); and
“Close is HaShem to all who call upon Him; to all that will truly call upon Him.”
(Psalms 145:18).
Contradicting his own purported declaration that the Commandments of the Torah are inviolable (“‘… [Hebrew] Scripture cannot be set aside …’” (John 10:35)), Jesus purportedly abrogated the Torah Commandments of Kashrut (by which the God of Israel declared to the Jewish people those creatures which are spiritually clean and consequently permissible to eat, and those creatures which are spiritually unclean and consequently prohibited to eat), to wit:
“He [Jesus] said to them [his apostles]: ‘Are you also lacking in understanding? Are you not aware that whatever goes into the man from outside cannot defile him, because it does not go into his heart, but into his stomach, and [then] goes out into the latrine?’ Thus, he [Jesus] declared all foods clean.”
(Mark 7:18-19).
Even worse – again contradicting his own purported declaration that the Commandments of the Torah are inviolable -- Jesus purportedly declared that only half (i.e., 5th - 9th) of the Ten Commandments plus the “Golden Rule” must be observed, to wit:
“Just then a man came up to Jesus and asked, ‘Teacher, what good thing must I do to get Eternal Life?’ Jesus replied, ‘Why do you ask me about what is Good? There is only One [i.e., God] who is Good. If you want to enter Life, keep the Commandments [of the Torah].’ He [i.e., the man] inquired, ‘Which ones?’ Jesus replied, ‘You shall not murder [6th Commandment], you shall not commit adultery [7th Commandment], you shall not steal [8th Commandment], you shall not give false testimony [9th Commandment], honor your father and mother [5th Commandment], and love your neighbor as yourself [“Golden Rule”].’”
(Matthew 19:16-19; this account also appears with slight variation at Mark 10:17-19 and Luke 18:18-20).
Additionally, Jesus purportedly attempted to intimidate the Jewish people into accepting him as the Messiah, to wit:
“‘Whoever is not with me is against me, and whoever does not gather with me scatters.’”
(Matthew 12:30).
Moreover, Jesus purportedly ordered (by means of a metaphorical story, known as the “Parable of the Ten Minas”, concerning the Advent of the Kingdom of God) the annihilation of the Jewish people due to their rejection of his purported kingship, to wit:
“‘But these enemies of mine who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here, and kill them in my presence.’”
(Luke 19:27).
Furthermore, Jesus purportedly declared that the Jewish people also deserved punishment for the murder of every righteous person perpetrated since the Dawn of Humanity, to wit:
“‘And, so, upon you [the Jewish people] will come all the righteous blood poured upon the Earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah son of Berechiah, whom you murdered between the Temple and the altar.’”
(Matthew 23:35).
It is noteworthy that the author of the “Gospel of Matthew” misidentified which Zechariah was a murder victim, as Zechariah son of Berechiah was the famous Prophet Zechariah (see Zechariah 1:1); and nowhere in the Hebrew Bible does it report that the Prophet Zechariah was murdered. Instead, the biblical Zechariah who was murdered was a different person, namely, Zechariah son of Jehoiada (see 2 Chronicles 24:20-22).
That the “Gospel of Matthew” was written prior to the “Gospel of Luke” can be discerned from the fact that the latter gospel “corrects” the Zechariah misidentification in the former gospel (see Luke 11:50-51, which surreptitiously corrects Matthew 23:35 by omitting any mention of the father of murder-victim Zechariah rather than by correctly identifying him as Jehoiada, which would have highlighted the identification error in the “Gospel of Matthew”).
Jesus purportedly declared to a gathering of Jews, who had described themselves as the Children of Abraham, and who regarded Jesus as only a human being, that they were instead the Children of Satan, to wit:
“‘You [Jews] belong to your Father -- the Devil -- and you want to carry out your Father’s desire. He was a Murderer from the Beginning [of Creation], not holding to the Truth. For, there is no Truth in Him. When He lies, He speaks his native language. For, He is a Liar and the Father of Lies. Yet, because I tell the Truth, you do not believe me! Can any of you prove me guilty of Sin? If I am telling the Truth, then why don’t you believe me? He who belongs to God hears what God says. The reason you do not hear is that you do not belong to God.’”
(John 8:44-47).
This declaration was later repackaged by the evangelist John in his First Epistle, to wit:
“‘Who is the liar? It is whoever denies that Jesus is the Christ. Such a person is the Antichrist -- denying the Father and the Son. No one who denies the Son has the Father; whoever acknowledges the Son has the Father also.’”
(1 John 2:22-23).
Jesus purportedly exorcised demons from humans; and, in one case, he purportedly conversed with these demons and gave them permission to enter a herd of swine upon leaving a possessed person, to wit:
“They [i.e., Jesus and his disciples] sailed to the region of the Gerasenes, which is across the lake [i.e., Lake Kinneret, which is also known as the Sea of Galilee] from Galilee. When Jesus stepped ashore, he was met by a demon-possessed man from the town. For a long time, this man had not worn clothes or lived in a house, but had lived in the tombs. When he saw Jesus, he cried out and fell at his feet, shouting at the top of his voice, ‘What do you want with me, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I beg you, don’t torture me!’ For, Jesus had commanded the impure spirit to come out of the man. Many times it [the demon] had seized him [the man], and though he [the demon-possessed man] was chained hand and foot and kept under guard, he had broken his chains and had been driven by the demon into solitary places. Jesus asked him [the demon-possessed man]: ‘What is your name?’ -- ‘Legion’, he replied, because many demons had gone into him. And they [the demons] begged him [Jesus] repeatedly not to order them to go into the Abyss. A large herd of pigs was feeding there on the hillside; the demons begged Jesus to let them [the demons] go into them [the pigs], and he gave them [the demons] permission. When the demons came out of the man, they went into the pigs, and the herd [of pigs] rushed down the steep bank into the lake and [the herd of pigs] was drowned.”
(Luke 8:26-33; this account also appears with slight variation at Matthew 8:28-32 and Mark 5:1-13).
Moreover, not only did Jesus purportedly converse with demons, but he also purportedly interacted with the purported master of demons -- Satan -- for 40 days in the Wilderness in a purported incident commonly known as the “Temptation of Christ”. It is noteworthy that this fanciful tale was initially recounted via only two verses (see Mark 1:12-13); but this story was so embellished by later “Gospels” that it expanded to 11 verses (see Matthew 4:1-11), and then to 13 verses (see Luke 4:1-13). Tellingly, the author of the “Gospel of John” does not bother to mention this preposterous story.
In a purported incident commonly known as the “Transfiguration”, Jesus purportedly convened a summit between Moses, the Prophet Elijah and himself in the presence of some of his apostles, to wit:
“After six days Jesus took with him Peter, James, and John the brother of James, and led them up a high mountain by themselves. There he was transfigured before them. His face shone like the Sun, and his clothes became as white as the Light. Just then there appeared before them Moses and Elijah, talking with Jesus.”
(Matthew 17:1-3).
It is clear that the “New Testament”, in recounting Jesus’ purported transfiguration, shamelessly appropriated the episode of Moses’ transfiguration, which occurred when Moses descended Mount Sinai with the second set of Tablets upon which the Ten Commandments had been reengraved (see Exodus 34:29-35).
After Jesus’ purported resurrection, he purportedly declared the five objective criteria by which his true followers would be identified, to wit:
“He [the resurrected Jesus] said to them [his apostles], ‘Go into all the World and preach the Gospel to all Creation. Whoever believes [in me] and is baptized will be saved, but whoever does not believe [in me] will be condemned. And these Signs will follow those who believe [in me]: [1] In my name they will cast out demons; and [2] they will speak in new tongues [i.e., languages]; and [3] with their hands they will pick up [poisonous] snakes; and [4] if they drink anything deadly it will not hurt them at all; and [5] they will lay hands upon the sick, and they [the sick] will recover [without medical intervention].’”
(Mark 16:15-18).
It is noteworthy that, while there are Christian sects predicated on satisfying one or more of the foregoing tests set forth in the “Gospel of Mark” (e.g., the “Catholic Church”, whose members are commonly known as “Roman Catholics” – Marcan test number 1; and the “Pentecostal Church of God of America, Inc.”, whose members are commonly known as “Pentecostalists” – Marcan test numbers 2 & 3; and “The Church of Christ, Scientist”, whose members are commonly known as “Christian Scientists” – Marcan test number 5), there are no Christian sects which attempt to satisfy Marcan test number 4 by drinking undiluted poison. Consequently, it seems that the instinct for self-preservation reigns supreme even among those Christians who are convinced that Jesus actually instructed his acolytes to comply with the absurd Marcan tests.
However, despite Jesus’ purported assertion that his followers would be able to survive the foregoing deadly perils, he nonetheless purportedly encouraged them to martyr themselves as proof of their devotion to him, to wit:
“‘For, whoever wants to save their life will lose it, but whoever loses their life for me will find it.’”
(Matthew 16:25).
And, most infamously, the “New Testament” incites Christians to the most virulent form of Jew-hatred through its imposition upon the Jewish people of full and exclusive responsibility for the alleged hunting, capture, torture and murder of Jesus by means of:
(a) serially declaring that the Jerusalem rabbinic establishment sought to murder Jesus, to wit:
“But the Pharisees went out and plotted how they might kill Jesus”
(Matthew 12:14); and
“After this, Jesus went about in Galilee; he would not go about in Judea, because the Jews were seeking to kill him.” (John 7:1) -- however, Jesus’ purported fear of prematurely dying is rendered nonsensical in light of the subsequent statement in the very same chapter of the “Gospel of John” that: “At this they [the Jews] tried to seize him [Jesus], but no one laid a hand on him, because his hour had not yet come.”
(John 7:30); and
“So from that day on they [the Jewish leadership] plotted to take his [Jesus’] life.”
(John 11:53); and
“As soon as the [Jewish] chief priests and their [Jewish] officials saw him [Jesus], they shouted: ‘Crucify! Crucify!’”
(John 19:6); and
(b) ultimately fabricating the infamous self-damning public declaration which the “New Testament” attributes and attaches to the Jewish people -- collectively and in perpetuity -- in response to the purported assertion by Roman Governor Pontius Pilate that Jesus was not guilty of any crime against the Roman Empire and that, consequently, Rome’s soul would remain pure in the event of Jesus’ murder by Rome at the insistence of the Jewish people, to wit: “And all of the [Jewish] people said [in response to Pilate’s assertion of Jesus’ innocence]: ‘His [Jesus’] blood shall be upon us and upon our descendants.’”
(Matthew 27:25).
Furthermore, all four “Gospels” assert that Jesus was betrayed by an apostle, whose name in the Greek language is “Ioudas”, and whose name in the English language is consequently rendered is “Judas” (see Matthew 26:14-16; Mark 14:10-11; Luke 22:4-6; and John 13:26-27). Tellingly, the name “Ioudas” is also the Greek-language translation of the Hebrew-language tribal name “Yehudah”, which is rendered as the English-language name “Judah”, from which is derived the English-language designation “Jew”. Significantly, the English-language designation “Jew” is rendered into the Greek language as “Ioudaios”, which is an obvious cognate of the Greek-language name “Ioudas” (“Judas”).
However, despite the unanimous assertion by the authors of the “Gospels” that Judas was the betrayer of Jesus, it is noteworthy that nowhere in the chronologically-earliest portion of the “New Testament” (i.e., the non-disputed “Epistles of Paul”) is Judas even mentioned -- let alone accused of betraying Jesus -- leading to the firm conclusion that this villain had not yet become a part of the Christian narrative during the pre-“Gospel” era. Consequently, it is likely that the later authors of the four “Gospels”, in an effort to further inflame Jew-hatred among Christians, chose to conjure a betrayer whose name in the Greek language (and, for obvious linguistic reasons, in many other languages) was synonymous with the designation “Jew”.
The “New Testament” subsequently accuses the Jewish leadership of attempting to orchestrate a vast conspiracy in order to conceal from the populace the purported realization of one of the fundamental tenets of Christianity, namely, Jesus’ alleged postmortem resurrection, by declaring:
“When the [Jewish] chief priests had met with the [Jewish] elders and devised a plan, they gave the [Roman] soldiers a large sum of money, telling them: ‘You are to say, “His [Jesus’] disciples came during the night and stole him away while we were asleep.” If this report gets to the [Roman] Governor [Pontius Pilate], we will satisfy him and keep you out of trouble.’ So, the [Roman] soldiers took the money, and did as they were instructed; and this story has been widely circulated among the Jews to this very Day.”
(Mathew 28:12-15).
It is noteworthy that the foregoing conspiracy allegation creates an internal inconsistency and a logical fallacy, as that same Jewish leadership had earlier met with Governor Pontius Pilate, and had convinced him to post soldiers at the entrance to Jesus’ purported tomb to prevent his disciples from removing his corpse, which would have subsequently allowed them to claim that the corpse’s absence was proof of his postmortem resurrection (see Matthew 27:62-66). So, why would the Jewish leadership illogically concoct the same scenario that they had earlier sought to thwart, and illogically believe that Pilate, after ordering that Jesus’ purported tomb be secured to prevent his corpse from disappearing, would thereafter be happy with the failure of that plan? Moreover, this conspiracy allegation raises an even more basic question: Did Pilate really need to guard the entrance to Jesus’ purported tomb? For, if Jesus was an ordinary human being, then securing his corpse was unnecessary (whether or not the corpse subsequently disappeared); and if Jesus was the “Son of God”, then securing his corpse was futile (whether or not the corpse subsequently disappeared). Consequently, posting soldiers at the entrance to the tomb would have served no purpose, which is why it never happened. Consequently, this purported incident constitutes a fable within a larger fable. However, conjuring this incident did serve an important theological purpose, which was to provide a suitable background narrative for accusing the Jewish leadership of attempting to conceal the purported resurrection of Jesus -- a theological transgression that was deemed by Christianity to be almost as maleficent as the crime of Deicide, of which the Jewish people were also accused.
In fact, the apostle Paul not only accused the Jewish people of Deicide, but he also implicitly advocated for the perpetration of genocide against them in his purported letter to the Christian residents of Thessalonica, Macedonia (which is present-day Thessaloniki, Greece), declaring therein:
“For you, brothers, became imitators of God’s churches in Judea, which are in Christ Jesus. You suffered from your own countrymen the same things those churches suffered from the Jews, who killed the Lord Jesus and the Prophets, and who also drove us out. They [the Jews] displease God and are the enemies of all Humanity in their effort to keep us from speaking to the [pagan] Gentiles, so that they [the pagan Gentiles] may be saved [by becoming Christians]. In this way they [the Jews] always heap up their Sins to the limit. The Wrath of God has come upon them [the Jews] at last.”
(1 Thessalonians 2:14-16)
Furthermore, according to the “Acts of the Apostles” (commonly known as “Acts”) portion of the “New Testament”, the apostle Peter also accused the Jewish people of Deicide in his purported speeches to various groups of Jews, to wit:
“‘Fellow Israelites, listen to this: Jesus of Nazareth was a man accredited by God to you by Miracles, Wonders and Signs, which God did among you through him, as you yourselves know. This man was handed over to you by God’s Deliberate Plan and Foreknowledge; and you, with the help of wicked men, put him to death by nailing him to the cross.’”
(Acts 2:22-23); and
“‘Therefore, let all Israel be assured of this: God has made this Jesus, whom you crucified, both Lord and Messiah.’”
(Acts 2:36); and
“‘The God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, the God of our fathers, has glorified His Servant Jesus. You handed him over to be killed, and you disowned him before Pilate, though he had decided to let him go. You disowned the Holy and Righteous One and asked that a murderer be released to you. You killed the Author of Life, but God raised him from the dead.’”
(Acts 3:13-15); and
“‘The God of our ancestors raised Jesus from the dead, whom you killed by hanging him on a cross.’”
(Acts 5:30)
However, it is noteworthy that Jesus himself purportedly contradicted the Deicide accusation purportedly spread by Peter and Paul, as he purportedly placed responsibility, not upon the Jewish people, but rather upon unidentified Gentiles for his impending torture and murder, to wit:
“Jesus took the Twelve [i.e., his twelve apostles] aside and told them, ‘We are going up to Jerusalem, and everything that is written by the [Hebrew] Prophets about the Son of Man [i.e., Jesus] will be fulfilled. He will be delivered over to the Gentiles. They [the Gentiles] will mock him, insult him and spit on him. They [the Gentiles] will flog him and kill him. On the third day he will rise again.’”
(Luke 18:31-33)
Moreover, in an enigmatic but prescient statement to a Gentile follower, which reaffirms the exclusive Truth of Scriptural Judaism, Jesus purportedly declared:
“‘... You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know; for Salvation is from the Jews.’”
(John 4:22).
Per the “New Testament”, Jesus was initially sent by his Heavenly Father to minister to the Jewish people rather than to the pagan Gentile peoples of the Roman Empire, to wit:
“These twelve [apostles] Jesus sent out with the following instructions: ‘Do not go among the [pagan] Gentiles or enter any town of the Samaritans. Go rather to the lost sheep of Israel. As you go, preach this message: “The Kingdom of Heaven is near.”’”
(Matthew 10:5-7); and:
“He [Jesus] answered [to his apostles]: ‘I was sent only to the lost sheep of Israel.’”
(Matthew 15:24).
As the “New Testament” further relates, even after the purported death and the purported resurrection of Jesus, his purported apostles continued to believe that his sole mission was to bring redemption to the Jewish people, to wit:
“‘but we [Jesus’ apostles] had hoped that he [Jesus] was the one who was going to redeem Israel. …’”
(Luke 24:21); and
“Then they [Jesus’ apostles] gathered around him [the resurrected Jesus] and asked him, ‘Lord, are you at this time going to restore the kingdom to Israel?’”
(Acts 1:6).
Moreover, in a challenge to the enormous power of the Roman Emperor, Jesus purportedly declared -- from the very beginning of his ministry -- that the Dominion of God was imminent, to wit:
“From that time on Jesus began to preach, ‘Repent, for the Kingdom of Heaven has come near.’”
(Matthew 4:17); and
“After John [the Baptist] was put in prison, Jesus went into Galilee, proclaiming the Good News of God. ‘The time has come,’ he said. ‘The Kingdom of God has come near. Repent and believe the Good News!’”
(Mark 1:14-15)
This being the case, and in light of the fact that the Roman Empire habitually executed persons who challenged the Emperor’s primacy in the temporal realm and/or in the spiritual realm, why does the “New Testament” falsely place the guilt for the alleged hunting, capture, torture and execution of Jesus upon “the lost sheep of Israel” rather than upon the Roman Empire? After all, the entire Land of Israel was a possession of imperial Rome, and was subject to the latter’s authority in all matters. The notion that the subjugated Jewish people were able to impose upon the Roman Empire’s provincial governor their alleged desire to murder an innocent person is patently ludicrous. This is especially so in the case of Roman Governor Marcus Pontius Pilatus (commonly known as “Pontius Pilate”), who has been described by historians as being ruthless, headstrong, unprincipled and dismissive of public opinion -- in repudiation of his portrayal in the “Gospels” as being sensitive, indecisive, solicitous of the innocent and intimidated by public opinion (see Matthew 27:11-26; Mark 15:1-15; Luke 23:1-25; and John 18:28-40 & 19:1-16). The reason for Christianity’s false portrayal of this Roman official is clear. In order for Christianity’s culpability claim against the Jewish people to seem plausible to future generations of potential Christians, the “New Testament” needed to conjure a powerful Jewish mob and a weak Pontius Pilate.
Likewise, the notion that a Jewish militia under the command of the Jerusalem rabbinic establishment was permitted by the Roman Empire to hunt, capture, and murder people that displeased the Jewish leadership is absurd and lacks any attestation in the historical record. In fact, during the purported lifetime of Jesus, there were many other Jews who also claimed to be the Messiah (e.g., according to 1st Century CE Jewish historian Titus Flavius Josephus, some of these pretenders were Theudas, Simon of Peraea, and Athronges); but none of them were murdered or otherwise harmed by the rabbinic establishment for making such false claims. Instead -- like the purported Jesus -- they were killed by the Roman Empire for challenging the absolute authority claimed by the Roman Emperor. Alternatively stated, it defies logic to assert that the Jerusalem rabbinic establishment, which brazenly rejected the pagan religions of the Roman Empire, would nonetheless be permitted by that same Roman Empire to punish -- let alone murder -- those Jews who rejected rabbinic Judaism. However, if the ludicrous assertion in the “Gospel of John” that the Jerusalem rabbinic establishment not only possessed the legal authority to hunt, capture and murder Jesus but had actually attempted to use that power against Jesus more than six months prior to his arrest by the Roman authorities (see John 7:1-3) is to be believed, then that same gospel’s claim that Jesus had avoided harm merely by restricting himself to nearby Galilee (see John 7:1) is rendered nonsensical.
This is especially so in light of the apostle Paul’s subsequent assertion -- if accepted as true -- that, while in the employ of the Jerusalem rabbinic establishment as Saul of Tarsus, he had acquired the legal right to abduct, imprison, and condemn to death the Jewish followers of postmortem Jesus, not only in the Land of Israel, but also well beyond its borders (see Acts 9:1-2, 22:4-5 & 26:9-12). However, this postmortem claim by the “New Testament” is as ludicrous as its premortem claim. For, with respect to the period subsequent to the purported death of Jesus, it is likewise ludicrous to suggest that the same Roman Empire whose paganism was scorned by the Jerusalem rabbinic establishment would authorize the latter (via agents such as the purported Saul of Tarsus) to abduct, imprison and condemn to death wayward Jews both within and beyond the borders of the Land of Israel.
In fact, the “New Testament” itself repudiates its own assertion that the Jerusalem rabbinic establishment possessed either the power or the inclination to murder Jesus or anyone else for their religious pretensions. For, the “New Testament” triumphantly asserts that the apostles Peter and John, without suffering any punishment therefor, were able to openly disrespect the Jerusalem rabbinic establishment by: (a) harshly rebuking it for its refusal to accept Jesus as the Messiah, and (b) informing it that they would ignore its order against proclaiming to the Jewish people that Jesus was the Messiah and that he had been resurrected postmortem (see Acts 4:1-21).
Moreover, as the apostle Paul purportedly possessed Roman citizenship (see Acts 16:37-38), it is highly unlikely that he would have agreed to work for a Jewish organization known for its loathing of the Roman Empire.
Yet, despite its absurdity, the serial assertion made by the “New Testament” (regarding both the premortem period and the postmortem period) that the Jerusalem rabbinic establishment was so powerful that it was able to bend the Roman Empire to its will is likely the origin of the malevolent myth that a Jewish cabal has historically controlled -- and continues to control -- the major governments of the World.
Clearly, the “New Testament” had only one purpose in emphasizing the Jewish role in the purported murder of Jesus, namely, to shift the blame therefor (and for the persecution of his postmortem acolytes) from the Roman Empire to the Jerusalem rabbinic establishment, and consequently, via the doctrine of collective responsibility, to all (non-converting) Jews -- in all eras.
This shift-the-blame strategy was integral to the survival and growth of Christianity. For, before the four “Gospels” were finalized, it became clear to the leaders of the early Church that the paucity of Jewish converts to the new religion would soon relegate Christianity to obscurity unless it welcomed pagan Gentiles in addition to Jews. Since the target Gentile population most available to early Christian evangelists was that of the Roman Empire, the first generation of Christian evangelists realized that condemning the leadership of the Roman Empire and consequently, via the doctrine of collective responsibility, all pagan residents of the Empire for the Crime of Deicide was likely to make a dangerous enemy of the former and was unlikely to make Christians of many of the latter.
However, in the Jews, the leaders of early Christianity found a people that, conveniently, was already despised by both the Roman Empire and the early Church.
The Roman Empire hated the Jewish people due to their stubborn -- and, in the view of Rome, incomprehensible -- refusal to regard Rome’s subjugation of Judea as a victory of Rome’s gods over the God of Israel. Moreover, the Jews’ refusal to accept their defeat as the defeat of their God was so subversive to Rome’s goal of uncontested imperial rule that it rightly feared the spread of this rejectionist doctrine to the other conquered peoples of the Empire. In fact, as the early Church was well aware, Rome’s enmity towards and ideological fear of the Jewish people had already manifested itself in Roman-occupied Alexandria, Egypt via the creation of the first known Jewish ghetto in 38 CE -- being decades before the publication of the “Gospel of Mark” (being the first Gospel chronologically) circa 70 CE.
For its part, the early Church hated the Jewish people due to their refusal (in other than insignificant numbers) to convert to Christianity.
By promulgating the accusation of Deicide against the Jewish people, the “New Testament” was able to provide a theological basis for the subsequent persecutions of, including the perpetration of genocides against, Jewish communities throughout the lands of Christendom. Ironically, based upon the Christological status of Jesus as a preexistent deity, and based upon this preexistent deity’s purported resurrection and purported ascension, Christianity itself provided a theological repudiation (albeit a repudiation that was never acknowledged by the leaders of the new religion) of its own accusation of Deicide against the Jewish people.
Consequently, concocting a new religion in which the Jewish people, collectively and in perpetuity -- rather than the Roman Empire, collectively and in perpetuity -- was the perfidious villain would serve two goals, namely, (a) making Christianity more palatable to the pagan Gentile peoples of the Roman Empire and (b) taking revenge upon the Jewish people for rejecting the “Doctrine of Supersessionism” (also known as the “Doctrine of Replacement Theology”), namely the belief that God has superseded and replaced Judaism with Christianity as the Source of His Revelation to Humanity.
Proof of this deliberate shift in conversionary strategy is found in the “New Testament” account of the apostle Paul’s purported visit to the Jews of Antioch-in-Pisidia (which is located near present-day Yalvac, Turkey):
“As [the evangelists] Paul and Barnabas were leaving the synagogue, the [Jewish] people invited them to speak further about these things [i.e., the tenets of Christianity] on the next Sabbath. When the congregation was dismissed, many of the Jews and devout converts to Judaism followed Paul and Barnabas, who talked with them and urged them to continue in the Grace of God. On the next Sabbath almost the whole city gathered to hear the Word of the Lord [about Christianity]. When the Jews saw the crowds, they were filled with jealousy. They began to contradict what Paul was saying and heaped abuse on him. Then Paul and Barnabas answered them boldly: ‘We had to speak the Word of God [about Christianity] to you first. Since you reject it, and do not consider yourselves worthy of Eternal Life, we now turn to the [pagan] Gentiles.’”
(Acts 13:42-46)
The “New Testament”, after dramatically changing the locale to Rome, essentially repeats this explanation in the final verses of the “Acts of the Apostles”:
“They [the Jews] arranged to meet Paul on a certain day, and came in even larger numbers to the place where he was staying. He witnessed to them from morning until evening, explaining about the Kingdom of God; and from the Law of Moses [i.e. the Torah] and from the [Hebrew] Prophets he tried to persuade them about Jesus. Some were convinced by what he said, but others would not believe. They disagreed among themselves and began to leave after Paul had made this final statement: ‘The Holy Spirit spoke the Truth to your ancestors when he said through Isaiah the prophet: “Go to this people and say: ‘You will be ever hearing but never understanding; you will be ever seeing but never perceiving.’ For this people’s heart has become calloused; they hardly hear with their ears, and they have closed their eyes. Otherwise, they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears, understand with their hearts and turn, and I would heal them.” Therefore, I want you to know that God’s Salvation has been sent to the [pagan] Gentiles, and they will listen!’”
(Acts 28:23-28)
In fact, the early Church’s campaign to shift the blame for the purported murder of Jesus from the Roman Empire to the Jewish people was so successful that, although (according to all four “Gospels”) the Jews of Jerusalem acted only as a purported accessory to the Roman Empire regarding the purported murder, those Christians who -- throughout History -- have accused Jews (including present-day Jews) of being “Christ killers” have never even considered accusing Italians (let alone present-day Italians) of also being “Christ-killers” -- despite the fact that their ancestors actually committed the purported murder.
Adding to the other mendacities of the “New Testament”, not only did Paul lie about persecuting (and having the legal authority to persecute) the Jewish followers of postmortem Jesus, but it is likely that he also lied about originally being Saul of Tarsus -- a purported Jew. As Paul purportedly boasted in his respective letters to the Church in Corinth, Greece and to the Church in Philippi, Macedonia (which is near present-day Filippoi, Greece):
“‘To the Jews I became like a Jew, to win the Jews. To those under the Law [i.e., those Jews who adhere to the Torah] I became like one under the Law, although I myself am not under the Law, so as to win those under the Law. To those not having the Law I became like one not having the Law -- although I am not free from God’s Law, but I am under Christ’s Law -- so as to win those not having the Law. To the weak I became weak, to win the weak. I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some. I do all this for the sake of the Gospel, that I may share in its blessings.’”
(1 Corinthians 9:20-23); and
“‘But what does it matter? The important thing is that in every way, whether from false motives or true, Christ is preached. And because of this I rejoice. Yes, and I will continue to rejoice.’”
(Philippians 1:18)
This raises an important question. If Christianity is the Revelation of God, why was it necessary for its premier evangelist to deceive people in order to persuade them to embrace the new religion? For, the God of Israel is the God of Truth.
As part of its marketing campaign to sell Christianity to the Greek-speaking Gentile peoples of the Roman Empire, the postmortem author of the “Gospel of Mark” retroactively bestowed upon the premortem apostle Simon the honorific Greek-language name “Petros” (meaning: “Rock”), which, in the English language, is rendered as the name “Peter”. (see Mark 3:16). This retroactive relabeling was then replicated by all chronologically-subsequent “Gospels” (see Matthew 4:18-20 & 16:17-18; Luke 5:1-11; and John 1:35-42). What is the evidence that this relabeling was part of a postmortem evangelical marketing campaign? And isn’t it possible that Jesus himself renamed Simon as part of his ministry to the Jewish people, as is claimed in Mark 3:16? That is highly unlikely, because Jesus would have communicated with the Jewish people, including his apostles, only in the languages spoken by them -- namely, Hebrew and Aramaic. Consequently, it would not have furthered Jesus’ ministry to the Jewish people to rename Simon with a Greek-language name.
Moreover, if it is nonetheless asserted that Simon received his new name for spiritual reasons (rather than for postmortem marketing purposes), because he was “reborn” when he accepted Jesus as his Savior, then the following two questions must be asked:
1. Why didn’t all the other “reborn” premortem apostles receive new names?
2. Why was the “reborn” Simon renamed with a Greek-language name rather than with a Hebrew-language name or an Aramaic-language name?
The answer is that Simon -- by virtue of being the purported first apostle (see Luke 5:10), and by virtue of also being the purported preeminent apostle during the purported lifetime of Jesus and (together with the apostle Paul) during the immediate postmortem period -- was deemed to be superlatively special by the early Church and its acolytes. In fact, Simon, renamed Peter, is deemed by many sects of Christianity to be the first “Bishop of Rome”, and he is consequently recognized as being the first Pope of the early Church. That is why the postmortem author of the “Gospel of Mark” retroactively bestowed an honorific name upon Simon, and why -- in order to ingratiate Christianity with the Greek-speaking Gentile peoples of the Roman Empire – that author chose an honorific name that was Greek rather than Hebrew or Aramaic.
Finally, perhaps the most definitive proof that early Christianity ultimately came to view the Greek-speaking Gentile peoples of the Roman Empire rather than the Jewish people as its primary conversionary target is to be found in the fact that -- although the purported words of Jesus, as memorialized in the “New Testament”, would have been uttered in the Hebrew language and/or in the Aramaic language (being the main languages spoken by the Jewish people in the Land of Israel during the purported lifetime of Jesus) -- the authors of the “New Testament” nonetheless chose to issue their conversionary missives in the Greek language (being the primary language of the pagan Gentile peoples residing in the eastern Mediterranean and Anatolian districts of the Roman Empire, as well as being an official language of the Empire).
The author of the “Gospel of Matthew” certainly understood the importance of gaining converts among the Gentile peoples of the Roman Empire and beyond. For this reason, his gospel includes a purported instruction from the resurrected Jesus to his apostles, commonly known as the “Great Commission”, to wit:
“Then [the resurrected] Jesus came to them [his apostles] and said, ‘All authority in Heaven and on Earth has been given to me. Therefore, go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And, surely, I am with you always, to the very end of the Age.””
(Matthew 28:18-20; this instruction is also set forth in Mark 16:15)
It is noteworthy that the “Great Commission” contradicts other conversionary and/or redemptive verses in the “New Testament” that are Judeocentric (e.g., Matthew 10:5-7 & 15:24; Luke 24:21; and Acts 1:6).
Of course, in order for the “Great Commission” to be successful, it was necessary to make Christianity attractive to its new audience.
For example, it is obvious that Jesus’ purported repudiation of the Torah Commandments of Kashrut in Mark 7:18-19 was intended by the early Church to make Christianity less rigorous for, and consequently more appealing to, the pagan peoples of the Roman Empire.
However, Jesus’ purported repudiation of Kashrut was probably a later addition to the “Gospel of Mark”, as is evidenced by the fact that the apostle Peter, despite being the preeminent apostle of Jesus during the latter’s purported lifetime and (together with the apostle Paul) in the immediate postmortem period, had no knowledge of this repudiation, to wit:
“… Peter went up on the roof to pray. He became hungry and wanted something to eat, and while the meal was being prepared, he fell into a trance. He saw Heaven opened, and something like a large sheet being let down to Earth by its four corners. It contained all kinds of [non-Kosher] four-footed animals, as well as reptiles and birds. Then a Voice told him, ‘Get up, Peter. Kill and eat.’ ‘Surely not, Lord!’, Peter replied. ‘I have never eaten anything impure or unclean.’ The Voice spoke to him a second time, ‘Do not call anything impure that God has made clean.’”
(Acts 10:9-15).
Contrariwise, if Jesus’ purported repudiation of Kashrut was not subsequently interpolated into the “Gospel of Mark” (i.e., if Jesus’ purported repudiation of Kashrut had always existed in the “Gospel of Mark”), then the author of the “Acts of the Apostles” neglected to carefully read that earliest gospel before conjuring the foregoing interaction between the unidentified Voice and the apostle Peter.
Similarly, the early Church, after debate, decided to excuse Gentile converts to Christianity from compliance with the Torah Commandment of Circumcision, so “… that we should not make it difficult for the [pagan] Gentiles who are turning to God” (Acts 15:19; for the full debate on this issue, see Acts 15:1-29).
Moreover, at the same time as the early Church was reducing its ties to Judaism, it was increasing its ties to the Roman Empire. For example, many of the deities venerated throughout various regions of the Empire were believed to have been born on December 25 of the Empire’s Julian calendar (e.g., Rome’s Attis, Greece’s Dionysius, Egypt’s Osiris, Persia’s Mithra and Babylonia’s Ishtar), as that was the time of the Winter Solstice during which the Roman Empire’s Saturnalia festivities in honor of Saturn (who was, inter alia, the god of time, renewal, wealth, abundance, and agriculture) were held. These pagan festivities included feasting, merrymaking, gift giving (especially the giving of toys to children), group singing, candle lighting and decorating homes with evergreen wreaths; and these pagan customs soon became major cultural components of Christianity’s nascent Christmas holiday in the 4th Century CE. Consequently, in light of the concerted efforts of the Church to conflate Jesus with the other gods of the Roman Empire, and to conflate Christmas with Saturnalia, it is unsurprising that, in 336 CE, the Church -- at the instruction of Rome’s first Christian Emperor Constantine I (commonly known as Constantine the Great) -- also adopted December 25 as Jesus’ birthdate (thereby taking advantage of the fact that the “New Testament” is silent on the matter).
After the replacement of the Julian calendar with the Gregorian calendar in 1582 (which subsequently became the World’s universal civil calendar), December 25 remained the fictitious date of Jesus’ purported birth, despite the fact that December 25 in the old Julian calendar had become January 7 of the succeeding year in the new Gregorian calendar, thereby causing different sects of Christianity to celebrate the fictitious date of Jesus’ purported birth on different dates in the new Gregorian calendar (e.g., Catholics and Protestants celebrate Christmas on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar -- which was December 12 in the discarded Julian calendar; and Eastern Orthodox celebrate Christmas on January 7 of the succeeding year in the Gregorian calendar -- which was December 25 in the discarded Julian calendar).
However, the deified Jesus had much more in common with these other gods than a conjured birthdate; for, the purported circumstances of Jesus’ birth, ministry, death and resurrection bear a striking resemblance to the purported circumstances of the births and/or ministries and/or deaths and/or resurrections of the other gods of the Roman Empire. Also, the pagan peoples of the Roman Empire could readily identify with a deified Jesus who was purportedly born from the union of a god and a human woman, as Romulus and Remus, the mythical founders of Rome, were also purportedly born from the union of a god (i.e., the god Mars) and a human woman.
Yet, the “New Testament” contradicts itself over when Jesus actually became deified as the “Son of God”. If one reads the “New Testament” according to the chronological emergence of its components, one can see that, in order to make Jesus more appealing to a predominantly-pagan audience, Jesus had to biographically evolve over a relatively short period of time --approximately 50 years -- from being the biological son of two human parents to being a preexistent deity:
Per the non-disputed “Epistles of Paul” (written circa 50 CE - circa 60 CE), Jesus became the “Son of God” only upon his purported resurrection (see Romans 1:4; and the purported declaration of Paul, as quoted in Acts 13:30-33), as until that time he was only a human Messiah, born of two human parents (see Romans 1:3; and the purported declaration of Paul, as quoted in Acts 13:23), to wit:
“Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God -- the gospel he promised beforehand through his Prophets in the Holy Scriptures [i.e., the Hebrew Bible] regarding His Son, who as to his earthly life was a descendant of [King] David, and who through the Spirit of Holiness was appointed the Son of God in power by his resurrection from the dead: Jesus Christ our Lord.”
(Romans 1:1-4); and
“‘From this man’s [King David’s] descendants God has brought to Israel the Savior Jesus, as He promised.’”
(Acts 13:23); and
“‘But God raised him from the dead, and for many days he was seen by those who had traveled with him from Galilee to Jerusalem. They are now his witnesses to our people. We tell you the Good News: What God promised our ancestors he has fulfilled for us, their children, by raising up Jesus. As it is written in the second Psalm: “You are My Son. Today, I have become your Father.”’”
(Acts 13:30-33).
It is noteworthy that the author of the non-disputed “Epistles of Paul” was unaware of the “Virgin Birth” narrative, which, inter alia, claimed that, despite being known as an adult resident of Nazareth (in Galilee), Jesus was actually born of a virgin in Bethlehem (in Judea), being the city of King David’s birth, as that narrative had not yet been conjured; so, the “Resurrection” narrative became that author’s deification device. In fact, the “Pauline Letters” mention neither Bethlehem nor Nazareth, because the author thereof was either (a) unaware of the purported birthplace or purported subsequent domicile of Jesus (as Jesus’ purported connections thereto had not yet been conjured and integrated into the mainstream narrative of early Christianity), or (b) believed that Jesus’ purported connections to either of those towns were not relevant to Jesus’ post-resurrection status as the “Son of God”. It is also noteworthy that the author of the “Pauline Letters” was either (a) unaware of the purported identities of Jesus’ parents (as their purported identities had not yet been conjured and integrated into the mainstream narrative of early Christianity), or (b) believed that their purported identities were not relevant to Jesus’ post-resurrection status as the “Son of God”.
However, per the “Gospel of Mark” (written circa 70 CE), Jesus became the “Son of God” much earlier than his purported resurrection, namely, upon his purported adult baptism, to wit:
“At that time Jesus came from Nazareth in Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan [River]. Just as Jesus was coming up out of the water, he saw Heaven being torn open and the Spirit descending on him like a dove. And a Voice came from Heaven: ‘You are My Son, whom I love. With you I am well pleased.’”
(Mark 1:9-11).
It is noteworthy that, like the author of the “Pauline Letters”, the author of the “Gospel of Mark” was unaware of any “Virgin Birth” narrative, as that narrative had not yet been conjured; so, the “Baptism” narrative became that author’s deification device. In fact, the “Gospel of Mark” begins, not with the birth (or even adolescence) of Jesus, but rather with an introduction to John the Baptist and his purported baptism of the adult Jesus (see Mark 1:1-11). Moreover, Bethlehem is not mentioned even once in the “Gospel of Mark”; and, instead, Jesus is serially identified only with Nazareth (e.g., Mark 1:9, 1:24, 10:47 & 16:6). However, despite being unaware of the “Virgin Birth” narrative, the author of the “Gospel of Mark” was aware of the purported identity of Jesus’ mother, as he references her by name in his gospel. Curiously, the author of the “Gospel of Mark” was either (a) unaware of the purported identity of Jesus’ father (because his purported identity had not yet been conjured and integrated into the mainstream narrative of early Christianity) or (b) believed that the purported identity of Jesus’ father was not relevant to Jesus’ post-baptism status as the “Son of God”.
However, sometime after the issuance of the “Gospel of Mark”, the notion that Jesus was purportedly born of a union between his mother and the Holy Spirit in Bethlehem began to circulate among Christians, and this notion thereby entered the mainstream narrative of early Christianity. So, per the “Gospel of Matthew” and the “Gospel of Luke” (both written circa 85 CE, although the former gospel was likely written before the latter gospel, as discussed elsewhere in this Essay), Jesus became the “Son of God” much earlier than his purported adult baptism, namely, upon his purported birth as the progeny of Mary and the Holy Spirit, to wit:
“This is how the birth of Jesus the Messiah came about: His mother Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant through the Holy Spirit.”
(Matthew 1:18); and
“The Angel answered, ‘The Holy Spirit will come on you [Mary], and the power of the Most High will overshadow you [Mary]. So, the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God.’”
(Luke 1:35).
So, the “Virgin Birth” narrative, whereby Jesus lacked a human father, became those two authors’ deification device. However, treating the “Virgin Birth” narrative as one narrative is very misleading, as this purported event together with its purported prologue and its purported epilogue, collectively known as the “Infancy” narrative, actually encompasses two incompatible accounts. In fact, except for the claim that Jesus was born of the Holy Spirit in Bethlehem to a virgin named Mary, who was betrothed to a man named Joseph, every element of the “Infancy” narrative is the subject of dispute between the “Gospel of Matthew” and the “Gospel of Luke”. It is noteworthy that the purported existence of Joseph (which was unknown to or ignored by both the author of the “Pauline Letters” and the author of the “Gospel of Mark”) appears for the first time in these two “Gospels” -- approximately 55 years after the purported death of Jesus.
Below are the main points of dispute in the “Infancy” narrative disseminated by these two “Gospels”:
Conflicting Pre-birth Accounts:
The “Gospel of Matthew” claims that, during the reign of Judean king Herod the Great (see Matthew 2:1), Joseph and Mary were engaged to be married and, by implication, were residing in Bethlehem (see Matthew 1:24, 2:1 & 2:11) when Joseph discovered that Mary had already become pregnant by the Holy Spirit, after which an unidentified Angel informed Joseph in a dream that he must name the child Jesus (see Matthew 1:18-22). If this account is to be believed, then it happened circa 6 BCE.
Contrariwise, the “Gospel of Luke” claims that, during the much later reign of Syrian legate governor Publius Sulpicius Quirinius (see Luke 2:2), Joseph and Mary were engaged to be married and were residing in Nazareth when the Angel Gabriel, during a visitation with Mary, informed her that she would soon become pregnant by the Holy Spirit, and that she must name the child Jesus (see Luke 1:26-35). If this account is to be believed, then it happened circa 6 CE. However, this gospel contradicts itself on this issue when it elsewhere implies that Jesus was purportedly born during the much earlier reign of Judean king Herod the Great (see Luke 1:5-36, especially at 5, 26-27 & 36).
Conflicting Post-birth Accounts:
The “Gospel of Matthew” claims that as much as 2 years (see Matthew 2:16) after Jesus’ birth in the family’s hometown of Bethlehem (see Matthew 2:1), a delegation of gift-bearers identified as “Magi” (which was a title given to Zoroastrian priests from Persia and India, who were believed to be practitioners of magic) visited toddler Jesus in his house in Bethlehem and worshipped him, thereby becoming the first people to treat Jesus as a god (see Matthew 2:7-11), after which the family fled from Bethlehem to Egypt and resided there until the death of King Herod the Great in order to avoid an attempt by the latter to murder toddler Jesus (see Matthew 2:13-15). In the meantime, in an incident commonly known as the “Massacre of the Innocents”, King Herod the Great, being unaware that the family had already fled to Egypt, murdered all of the male children in Bethlehem and its environs who were 2 years old or younger (see Matthew 2:16). After the king’s death, the family returned to the Land of Israel and chose to reside in Nazareth in order to fulfill a nonexistent prophecy that the Messiah would be known as a resident of Nazareth (see Matthew 2:19-23).
It is noteworthy that there is no historical evidence that the “Massacre of the Innocents” happened. It seems that this purported incident was meant to equate Jesus with Moses by mimicking Pharaonic Egypt’s earlier massacre of male Hebrew babies (see Exodus 1:15-22).
Unsurprisingly, in the “Gospel of Matthew”, there is no mention of newborn-baby Jesus being placed in a livestock feeding trough due to a lack of lodging accommodations (as the family already resided in a house in Bethlehem), and no mention of newborn-baby or toddler Jesus being visited by a group of non-gift-bearing and non-worshipping local shepherds; nor is there any mention of the family taking newborn-baby or toddler Jesus from Bethlehem to Jerusalem for the performance of Jewish religious rites (during which Jesus might have been captured and murdered by King Herod the Great).
Contrariwise, the “Gospel of Luke” claims that Joseph and Mary were residing in the family’s hometown of Nazareth (see Luke 1:26), and that Jesus’ birth in Bethlehem (see Luke 2:6-7) was effected by an empire-wide Roman census that illogically required people to return to their ancestral villages in order to register and be counted (see Luke 2:1-3), which caused the family to travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem (see Luke 2:4-5), and that, after Jesus’ birth, Mary placed him in a livestock feeding trough due to a lack of lodging accommodations in Bethlehem (see Luke 2:7), and that a group of non-gift-bearing and non-worshipping local shepherds subsequently visited newborn-baby Jesus (see Luke 2:8 & 15-16), after which the family took baby Jesus from Bethlehem to Jerusalem for the performance of Jewish religious rites (see Luke 2:22), and that, after completing their activities in Jerusalem, the family immediately returned to Nazareth (see Luke 2:39).
It is noteworthy that, although the Roman Empire did conduct a tax census of those provinces that were then under the direct rule of the Empire in 6 CE, the census did not require men to return to their ancestral villages for purposes of taxation, as the census logically counted men only according to their present domiciles. Moreover, while the census did apply to residents of the directly-ruled province of Judea (where Bethlehem was situated), which was under the authority of Syrian legate governor Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, it did not apply to residents of the client-territory of Galilee (where Nazareth was situated), which was under the authority of local tetrarch Herod Antipas (being one of the sons of King Herod the Great) -- because the Empire did not directly tax client-territories. Consequently, Joseph -- being a resident of Nazareth at the beginning of the “Infancy” narrative of the “Gospel of Luke” -- was not subject to this census.
Unsurprisingly, in the “Gospel of Luke”, there is no mention of any royal threat to the life of newborn-baby or toddler Jesus (either in Bethlehem or in Jerusalem) and, consequently, no mention of the family fleeing (or needing to flee) to Egypt; nor is there any mention of a delegation of gift-bearing foreign magicians who visited and worshipped newborn-baby or toddler Jesus, or any mention of the “Massacre of the Innocents” by King Herod the Great (who had died in 4 BCE, being approximately 9 years before the purported birth of Jesus in the “Gospel of Luke” in 6 CE).
However, in an effort to cope with the cognitive dissonance triggered by these discordant accounts, normative Christianity conjured a unitary “Infancy” narrative by combining elements of both accounts, as follows:
In Nazareth, the Angel Gabriel informed Mary about the impending birth of Jesus (from the “Gospel of Luke”). Subsequently, Joseph and Mary traveled from Nazareth to Bethlehem for the Roman census, where Mary gave birth to Jesus and placed him in a livestock feeding trough (from the “Gospel of Luke”). After Jesus’ birth, a delegation of gift-bearing foreign magicians visited and worshipped newborn-baby Jesus lying in the livestock feeding trough (from mixing elements of both “Gospels”, as the visit of the foreign magicians is from the “Gospel of Matthew”, while Jesus being a newborn baby lying in a livestock feeding trough is from the “Gospel of Luke”). Subsequently, the family immediately fled from Bethlehem to Egypt in order to escape King Herod the Great, after which the king committed infanticide in the Bethlehem area (from the “Gospel of Matthew”). However, after the death of the king, the family returned to the Land of Israel and chose to reside in Nazareth (from the “Gospel of Matthew”).
Finally, per the “Gospel of John” (written circa 100 CE), Jesus became the “Son of God” much earlier than his purported birth, namely, at the very beginning of Creation, thereby purportedly rendering him a preexistent deity, to wit:
“In the Beginning [of Creation] was the Word [i.e., Jesus], and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He [i.e., Jesus, being the Word] was with God in the Beginning [of Creation]. … The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his [Jesus’] Glory, the Glory of the one and only Son, who came from the Father, full of Grace and Truth.”
(John 1:1-14); and
“‘Very truly I tell you,’ Jesus answered, ‘before Abraham was born, I am!’”
(John 8:58).
It is noteworthy that, although the author of the “Gospel of John” was likely aware of the “Virgin Birth” narrative, as that narrative had already been disseminated more than a decade earlier in the “Gospel of Matthew” and the “Gospel of Luke”, he had no need to utilize that narrative as a deification device, because it hardly mattered where or how Jesus, as a purported preexistent deity, had first appeared on Earth. For this reason, the author of the “Gospel of John”, although being likely aware of the purported identity of Jesus’ mother (who was so integral to the “Virgin Birth” narrative), does not bother to reference her by name in his gospel.
Consequently, the author of the “Gospel of John” did not explicitly refer to the “Virgin Birth” narrative in his gospel. However, he implicitly referred to and rejected that narrative by conjuring an interaction between Jesus and the Jews of Jerusalem, in which it is made clear that Jesus was born in Galilee (i.e., Nazareth, which is in the Galilee region of the Land of Israel) rather than in Bethlehem, to wit:
“On hearing his [Jesus’] words, some of the [Jewish] people said, ‘Surely this man is the Prophet.’ Others [of the Jewish people] said, ‘He is the Messiah.’ Still others asked, ‘How can the Messiah come from Galilee [i.e., Nazareth]? Does not Scripture [i.e., the Hebrew Bible] say that the Messiah will come from [King] David’s descendants and from Bethlehem, the town where [King] David lived?’ Thus, the [Jewish] people were divided because of Jesus.”
(John 7:40-43).
Even worse, in the “Gospel of John”, some of Jesus’ earliest apostles also believed that he was born in Nazareth, to wit:
“[The apostle] Philip found [the future apostle] Nathaniel and told him, ‘We have found the one Moses wrote about in the Law [i.e. the Torah], and about whom the [Hebrew] prophets also wrote -- Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph.’ Nathaniel asked, ‘Nazareth! Can anything good come from there?’ …”
(John 1:45-46).
Tellingly, in the “Gospel of John”, the Jewish people -- including Jesus’ own apostles -- are completely unaware of the claim made in the “Gospel of Matthew” and in the “Gospel of Luke” that Jesus was born in Bethlehem (meaning that they are also completely unaware of the claim made in those two “Gospels” that Jesus was prophesied to be born -- and was subsequently born -- of a virgin in that city). Moreover, Jesus, as portrayed in the “Gospel of John”, remains silent on the issue, thereby implicitly confirming that he was born in Nazareth rather than in Bethlehem.
Towards the end of this gospel, its author decided to reinforce his implicit rejection of Bethlehem as the birthplace of Jesus by portraying Roman Governor Pontius Pilate as declaring that the purportedly-crucified Jesus was from Nazareth rather from Bethlehem, to wit:
“Pilate had a notice prepared and fastened to the cross. It read: ‘Jesus of Nazareth, the king of the Jews.’”
(John 19:19).
This last opinion of Jesus’ Christological status (i.e., that Jesus was a preexistent deity originating from the very beginning of Creation, joined together with God Himself and with the Holy Spirit in a hypostatic union) eventually became the mainstream view of Jesus within Christianity and the Roman Empire. This Christological status (together with early Christianity’s disengagement from Judaism and its embrace of the Roman Empire’s pagan beliefs, customs, and celebrations) allowed Christianity to obtain parity for the deified Jesus with -- and ultimately supremacy for the deified Jesus over -- the other gods of the Empire.
The progression from parity to supremacy took only 67 years.
Parity was achieved in 313 CE when the Empire issued its Edict of Milan, which decree legalized Christianity as a permitted religion of the Empire.
Favoritism ensued when Emperor Constantine I convened and supervised a conference commonly known as the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE, consisting of Christian bishops from throughout the Empire, whose purpose was to create a uniform set of Christian beliefs acceptable to the Emperor, which uniform creed became known as the “Nicene Creed”. The main issue of longstanding credal dispute that the Council of Nicaea needed to settle was whether the deified Jesus, as the Second Person (i.e., the Son) of the Christian godhead, was: (1) created by the First Person (i.e., the Father) and was consequently of lesser divinity than the First Person, or (2) of the same substance as the First Person and was consequently of equal divinity with the First Person. Relying upon the preexistent deity formulation in the prologue of the “Gospel of John”, the Council ruled that the Son was equal in divinity to the Father, meaning that, although they were distinct Persons, they possessed coequal status within the Christian godhead. However, notwithstanding the creation of the Nicene Creed, during the succeeding millennia the Church serially splintered into the myriad Christian sects that exist Today -- numbering approximately 320 -- due, inter alia, to continuing disagreement over the Christological status of Jesus.
Supremacy was finally achieved in 380 CE when the Empire issued its Edict of Thessalonica, which decree established Nicene Christianity as the official religion of the Empire.
Consequently, it is a gross mischaracterization to assert that Rome became Christianized. Rather, by deifying Jesus, Christianity became Romanized.
However, as the “Virgin Birth” narrative had quickly become a fundamental tenet of early Christianity, a major dilemma that the early Church needed to resolve was whether to arrange all books of the “New Testament” in chronological order. This approach would have enabled Christian audiences to understand the historical development of Christianity, but this approach would have also discredited the “Virgin Birth” narrative, as it would have required that the first four books be arranged in the following order:
1st position: “Pauline Letters” (written circa 50 CE - 60 CE) -- if all “Pauline Letters” were to be aggregated;
2nd position: “Gospel of Mark” (written circa 70 CE)
3rd position: “Gospel of Matthew” (written circa 85 CE)
4th position: “Gospel of Luke” (written circa 85 CE)
As the “Pauline Letters” begin with a postmortem Jesus, and as the “Gospel of Mark” begins with an adult Jesus, a decision to place all books of the “New Testament” in chronological order would have highlighted the fact that the two earliest Christian authors knew nothing of the “Virgin Birth” narrative (or the broader “Infancy” narrative) that would be promoted only decades later by the “Gospel of Matthew” and the “Gospel of Luke”, thereby leading Christian audiences to logically conclude that the “Virgin Birth” narrative had been conjured by imaginative authors seeking to insert Jesus into the Roman Empire’s pantheon of gods, who had also been miraculously born. Christian audiences would have come to this conclusion, because they would have realized that the story of Jesus’ miraculous birth in Bethlehem -- if true -- would have been widely known among Jesus’ earliest followers, and would have been transmitted from that first generation of acolytes to succeeding generations thereof. Consequently, such a stupendous event would never have been ignored by the author of the “Pauline Letters” and by the author of the “Gospel of Mark” -- unless this event never happened and was, for this reason, unknown to and unmentioned by these earliest “New Testament” authors.
As the “New Testament” in its entirety was being marketed as the Word of God, the early Church realized that undermining the credibility of the belated “Virgin Birth” narrative would undermine the credibility of the “New Testament” in its entirety as the Word of God.
Consequently, in order to avoid undermining the “Virgin Birth” narrative, the editors of the final version of the “New Testament” decided, in the late 4th Century CE, to deviate from chronological order by arranging those same books in the following order:
1st position: “Gospel of Matthew” (written circa 85 CE)
2nd position: “Gospel of Mark” (written circa 70 CE)
3rd position: “Gospel of Luke” (written circa 85 CE)
6th & later positions: “Pauline Letters” (written circa 50 CE – circa 60 CE)
By placing the “Gospel of Matthew” in first position -- immediately before the “Gospel of Mark” and well before the “Pauline Letters” -- the editors of the final version of the “New Testament” succeeded in misleading Christian audiences into believing that the “Virgin Birth” narrative constituted the earliest -- and consequently the most reliable -- narrative of Jesus.
Moreover, just as the chronologically-dishonest first-position placement of the “Gospel of Matthew” was intended to create false credibility for the “Virgin Birth” narrative and to thereby protect the credibility of the “New Testament” in its entirety as the Word of God, the chronologically-dishonest sixth-(and later)-position placement of the “Pauline Letters” (i.e., after all four “Gospels” and the “Acts of the Apostles”, which collectively constitute the entire narrative portion of the “New Testament”) was also intended to accomplish the same purpose. For, this manipulative placement of the “Pauline Letters” was intended to:
(a) conceal from Christian audiences the fact that the “Pauline Letters”, which contain no mention of a miraculous birth, constituted the earliest -- and consequently the most reliable -- writings about Jesus (as these letters were issued approximately 30 years prior to the publications of the “Gospel of Matthew” and the “Gospel of Luke”), and
(b) thereby create the false belief among Christian audiences that the “Pauline Letters” were instead written well after the purported events described in the narrative portion of the “New Testament (including the “Gospel of Matthew” and the “Gospel of Luke”), in hopes that the absence of any mention of a miraculous birth in the “Pauline Letters” would not undermine the credibility of the “Virgin Birth” narrative and thereby the “New Testament” in its entirety in the perception of Christian audiences.
Ironically, despite purportedly calling himself the “Son of God”, and despite purportedly allowing his disciples to worship him in that capacity (see Matthew 14:33 & 28:17; Luke 24:52; and John 20:28), Jesus -- by ridiculing the rabbinic establishment for instituting the Jewish tradition of washing one’s hands before touching food -- proved himself to be astoundingly ignorant about basic hygiene, to wit:
“The Pharisees and some of the scribes gathered around him [Jesus] when they had come from Jerusalem, and had seen that some of his [Jesus’] disciples were eating their bread with impure hands, that is, unwashed. For the Pharisees and all the Jews do not eat unless they carefully wash their hands, thus observing the traditions of the elders; and when they come from the market place, they do not eat unless they cleanse themselves; and there are many other things which they have received in order to observe, such as the washing of cups and pitchers and copper pots. The Pharisees and the scribes asked him [Jesus], ‘Why do your disciples not walk according to the tradition of the elders, but eat their bread with impure hands?’ And he [Jesus] responded to them, ‘Rightly did Isaiah prophesy of you hypocrites, as it is written: “This people honor Me with their lips, but their heart is far away from Me. But in vain do they worship Me, by teaching the precepts of Men as if they were [Torah] Doctrines.”’”
(Mark 7:1-7; this account also appears with a truncated narrative but with additional dialogue in Matthew 15:1-9)
Obviously, the foregoing rabbinic custom was instituted for the purpose of achieving ritual purity rather than for the purpose of exterminating pathogens present on the surface of one’s hands and upon the surface of one’s drinking and cooking receptacles, as the medical disciplines of bacteriology and virology did not yet exist in the 1st Century CE; and, consequently, a mere human being living during that era would not have been cognizant of the existential health benefits of washing one’s hands before touching food and of washing one’s drinking and cooking receptacles before reuse. However, according to the “Gospels”, Jesus denied that he was a mere human being, and he instead claimed, not only that he was the Messiah, but also that he was the “Son of God”, thereby enjoying the most intimate Communion with God. If those majestic claims are to be accepted as true, then why didn’t Jesus know that this rabbinic custom was beneficial to all of Humanity, including to himself and to his apostles?
“Your custom of washing your hands before touching food and of washing your drinking and cooking receptacles before reuse is indeed a beneficial custom, but not for the reason that you believe. You do not know this, but adhering to that custom will keep you and your families in good health. So, continue adhering to that custom for that reason.”
Yet, Jesus failed to respond to his rabbinic interlocutors with the foregoing explanation, because he was ignorant of the health benefits resulting from that rabbinic custom.
Consequently, this purported interaction between Jesus and the rabbinic establishment constitutes perhaps the most persuasive empirical refutation of the Christological status of Jesus.
Conversely, if Jesus qua the “Son of God” did know about the existential health benefits of washing one’s hands before touching food and of washing one’s drinking and cooking receptacles before reuse, but he chose to withhold that information from his apostles (merely because he did not want to endorse any custom, however beneficial, practiced by the rabbinic establishment), then he is guilty of a heinous medical crime against many future generations of Christians, resulting in innumerable unnecessary fatalities via the transmission of communicable diseases.
One last issue requires comment. Did the early apostles of Jesus attempt to evangelize the populations of the eastern Mediterranean Sea area solely for altruistic reasons, namely, to save the souls of these human beings from the otherwise unalterable damnation caused by the “Curse of Original Sin”? It seems not, as the “New Testament” itself provides evidence that the apostles possessed a pecuniary motive for their activities, and that they condemned their own followers as sinners in league with Satan for not maximizing their donations to the apostles. Moreover, in order to intimidate and terrify future generations of Christians, the “New Testament” implies that a husband and wife were killed by God for their failure to give the apostles 100% of the proceeds from the sale of their land, to wit:
“Joseph, a Levite from Cyprus, whom the apostles called Barnabas (which means “son of encouragement”), sold a field he owned; and he brought [all] the money and put it at the apostles’ feet. Now a man named Ananias, together with his wife Sapphira, also sold a piece of property. With his wife’s full knowledge, he kept back part of the money for himself; but he brought the rest and put it at the apostles’ feet. Then [the apostle] Peter said, ‘Ananias, how is it that Satan has so filled your heart that you have lied to the Holy Spirit and have kept for yourself some of the money you received for the land? Didn’t it [the land] belong to you before it was sold? And after it was sold, wasn’t the money at your disposal? What made you think of doing such a thing? You have not lied just to human beings but to God.’ When Ananias heard this, he fell down and died. And great fear seized all who heard what had happened. Then some young men came forward, wrapped up his body, and carried him out and buried him. About three hours later his wife came in, not knowing what had happened. [The apostle] Peter asked her, ‘Tell me, is this the price you and Ananias got for the land?’ She said, ‘Yes. That is the price.’ [The apostle] Peter said to her, ‘How could you conspire to test the Spirit of the Lord? Listen! The feet of the men who buried your husband are at the door, and they will carry you out also.’ At that moment she fell down at his feet and died. Then the young men came in and, finding her dead, carried her out and buried her beside her husband. Great fear seized the whole Church [i.e., the followers of the early apostles] and all who heard about these events.
(Acts 4:36 - 5:11)
Moreover, the “New Testament” explains why the apostles were entitled to be generously compensated for their evangelistic activities, via a purported speech by the apostle Paul to the Church in Corinth, Greece, to wit:
“‘Am I not free? Am I not an apostle? Have I not seen Jesus our Lord? Are you not the result of my work in the Lord? Even though I may not be an apostle to others, certainly I am to you! For you are the seal of my apostleship in the Lord. This is my defense to those who sit in judgment on me. Don’t we have the right to food and drink? Don’t we have the right to take a believing wife along with us, as do the other apostles and the Lord’s brothers and Cephas? Or is it only I and Barnabas who lack the right to not work for a living? Who serves as a soldier at his own expense? Who plants a vineyard and does not eat its grapes? Who tends a flock and does not drink the milk? Do I say this merely on human authority? Doesn’t the Law [i.e., the Torah] say the same thing? For it is written in the Law of Moses: “Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain.” Is it about oxen that God is concerned? Surely, he says this for us, doesn’t he? Yes, this was written for us, because whoever plows and threshes should be able to do so in the hope of sharing in the harvest. If we have sown spiritual seed among you, is it too much if we reap a material harvest from you? If others have this right of support from you, shouldn’t we have it all the more? But we did not use this right. On the contrary, we put up with anything rather than hinder the Gospel of Christ. Don’t you know that those who serve in the Temple get their food from the Temple, and that those who serve at the altar share in what is offered on the altar? In the same way, the Lord has commanded that those who preach the Gospel should receive their living from the Gospel.’”
(1 Corinthians 9:1-14)
It is noteworthy that this demand for compensation (being a portion of the “Pauline Letter” known as 1 Corinthians) was made approximately two decades before the first gospel (i.e., the “Gospel of Mark”) was written.
Consequently, based upon the foregoing evidence, it is possible that Christianity originated as a business opportunity created by the early apostles, and that the “Gospels” were subsequently written to provide theological support for this business enterprise. At the very least, it is obvious that even the early apostles did not actually believe in the “New Testament” doctrine of “Justification By Faith Alone”, because faith in Jesus as Savior, by itself, was clearly insufficient to save the souls of devoted Christians, because the giving of maximized donations from devoted Christians to the early apostles was also necessary for their Salvation.
In fact, the notion that faith in Jesus requires the impoverishment of Christians via a transfer of their wealth to the Church explains why the “New Testament” condemns accumulated wealth via such verses as the following:
“Jesus looked at him [the wealthy man] and said, ‘How hard it is for the wealthy [person] to enter the Kingdom of God! Indeed, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for someone who is wealthy to enter the Kingdom of God.’”
(Luke 18:24-25; this account also appears with slight variation at Matthew 19:23-24 and Mark 10:23-24)
However, the “New Testament” yet again contradicts itself, as it elsewhere implicitly praises accumulated wealth. For, in the metaphorical story known as the “Parable of the Bags of Gold”, Jesus purportedly employed the increase or the lack of increase in eight bags of gold, which were distributed by a master among his servants, as a metaphor for spiritual merit or spiritual demerit (see Matthew 25:14-30).
Unfortunately, with deadly historical consequences for the Jewish people, in tandem with its message of Divine Love for those who accept Jesus as their Savior, a message of hatred and contempt for (non-converting) Jews inheres in Christianity.
Obviously, we do not accept:
that Jesus, if he existed, was the God of Israel rendered Corporeal (or that Incorporeal God would ever transform Himself into one of His Creations); or
that Jesus, if he existed, was the biological “Son of God”; or
that Unitary God is, instead, a three-Person godhead, comprising the “Father” (being the First Person thereof), Jesus the “Son” (being the Second Person thereof) and the “Holy Spirit” (being the Third Person thereof); or
that God conceals information from Himself; or
that the “New Testament” is a Scripture of the God of Israel; or
that Christianity has superseded Judaism as the Revelation of the God of Israel; or
that Humanity is born with the stain of “Original Sin”; or
that a righteous person might be denied God’s Love and Salvation; or
that the God of Israel despises wealthy people (in that, contrariwise, God judges -- and requires us to judge -- a person, not according to his wealth or poverty, but according to his character and deeds (see Leviticus 19:15)); or
that the God of Israel kills -- let alone immediately kills -- people who refuse to donate less than 100% of their liquidated assets to religious institutions; or
that the God of Israel endorses the use of deception to convince people to embrace Him; or
that the God of Israel is unable to correctly identify the tribes of Israel; or
that the God of Israel desires that we comply with only half of the Ten Commandments; or
that the God of Israel communicated His Commandments to the Jewish people as an Act of Deception; or
that the God of Israel commands the Jewish people to engage in symbolic cannibalism of the true Messiah in order to achieve Communion with God; or
that the God of Israel impregnated a woman (whether or not a virgin), and did so for the purpose of siring either a demigod or a being that is fully God as well as fully human, who was destined to be hunted, captured, tortured and murdered, in order to absolve a person of his Sins, provided that such person accepts that murder victim as his Savior (in that, contrariwise, with respect to intentional Sins, the God of Israel has explicitly repudiated the doctrines of “Substitutionary Punishment” (see Deuteronomy 24:16; and Ezekiel 18:14-20) and “Substitutionary Atonement” (see Ezekiel 18:21-32), and He has explicitly forbidden the practice of human sacrifice, which is an abomination to Him (see Leviticus 18:21 & 20:1-5; Deuteronomy 12:31; and Jeremiah 19:1-5 & 32:33-35)); or
that the God of Israel has decreed that a person cannot be forgiven for his Sins unless he accepts Jesus as his Savior (in that, contrariwise, the God of Israel, before, during and after the purported lifetime of Jesus, without employing any supernatural intermediary as Humankind’s Savior, Himself forgives a person’s forgivable Sins, but only after that person confesses, repents, and thereafter modifies his thoughts and behaviors in order to avoid repeating those Sins (see Psalms 145:18; Hosea 14:2-3; and Zechariah 1:3); or, alternatively stated, that the God of Israel has decreed that, even without repentance and modification, a sinner will nonetheless be able to absolve himself from responsibility and punishment for his Sins (except for the Christian Sin of Blasphemy) merely by accepting Jesus as his Savior; or
that the God of Israel requires people to hate their own families and their own lives, or that the Messiah will be tasked with inciting such hatred; or
that the God of Israel gave Jesus the Power to abrogate the Divine -- and thus unalterable -- Commandments of the Torah, which God Himself bestowed upon the Jewish people; or
that the God of Israel has decreed that the Jewish people be massacred or otherwise persecuted as punishment in this Life for their refusal to convert to Christianity (or to otherwise accept Jesus as their Savior and King); or
that the God of Israel has decreed that the Jewish people be cast into the Fires of Hell as punishment in the Afterlife for their refusal to convert to Christianity (or to otherwise accept Jesus as their Savior and King); or
that the God of Israel has decreed that Jews who don’t accept Jesus as the Messiah and/or as “Son of God” and/or as God Himself are Children of Satan and/or that they are the Antichrist; or
that the God of Israel created all-powerful supernatural creatures, such as Satan and the Antichrist, representing Evil Incarnate, which compete with God for Supremacy over the Universe; or
that the God of Israel created lesser demonic creatures, and permits them to enter human beings in order to control their actions and possess their souls; or
that the God of Israel resurrected Jesus after his purported crucifixion; or
that the God of Israel resurrected Moses and the Prophet Elijah, so that Jesus would be able to meet and converse with them; or
that the God of Israel instructs the Jewish people, as proof of our faith in Him (via Jesus), to: (a) cast out demons (which would require a belief in the existence of demons and demonic possession), (b) speak gibberish, (c) handle deadly snakes, (d) ingest poison, and (e) heal the sick without resort to medical intervention; or
that the God of Israel instructs the Jewish people, as a sign of our devotion to Him (via Jesus), to martyr ourselves (in that, contrariwise, the God of Israel urges us to honor Him by choosing Life over Death (see Deuteronomy 30:19-20)); or
that the Jewish people bear collective and perpetual guilt for the Crime of Deicide (as if it were actually possible to kill the Creator of all Existence); or
that the God of Israel directed the various authors of the “New Testament” to employ mistranslated and/or truncated and/or nonexistent verses from the Hebrew Bible in order to prove that Jesus is the Messiah promised by the Hebrew Bible; or
that the God of Israel endorses the use of deception in order to persuade people to believe in Him; or
that the true Messiah will -- at any point in time (i.e., prior to his birth and/or during his lifetime and/or after his death) -- be other than a human being; or
that the true Messiah will be tortured and/or murdered as part of his mission; or
that the true Messiah will fail during his lifetime to accomplish the tasks with which he has been entrusted by the God of Israel.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, assuming arguendo that Jesus and his early acolytes actually existed, it must be conceded that, without knowing which verses (if any), of the “New Testament” accurately describe the words and conduct of Jesus and his apostles, it may be unfair to assign blame to any of those individuals for the Antisemitism inherent in the “New Testament” or for the horrific historical consequences thereof.
It is axiomatic that Christianity seeks to know God, not only through its “New Testament”, but also through its “Old Testament”, most of which accurately translates the Hebrew Bible. However, in cases of conflict between the “Old Testament” and the “New Testament”, the latter prevails in the view of Christians simply because that Scripture is deemed by Christianity to be the corrective and final Word of God. Accordingly, to the extent that the “New Testament” (as well as those significant portions of the “Old Testament” that mistranslate the Hebrew Bible) distorts the Attributes, Message and Expectations of the God of Israel, it does not describe our God at all but another deity entirely -- and it is this latter deity that Christianity recognizes and to which Christians pray.
Consequently, we cannot possibly accept the postulate that the deity depicted in the “New Testament” and the God of Israel are one and the same -- or that, after so thorough a baptism in the falsehoods of the “New Testament”, Christians (even those who do not worship Jesus as a god) nevertheless pray to the God of Israel.
Ironically, Christianity unintentionally declares this very Truth about itself: “For the time will come when people will no longer accept sound doctrine. Instead, to suit their own desires, they [the people] will gather around them a great number of teachers who will say what their [the people’s] itching ears want to hear. They [the people] will turn their ears away from the Truth and turn aside to Myths.” (2 Timothy 4:3-4).
It is no different with Islam.
Islam (meaning: “Submission”) revolves around the purported life and teachings of Mohammed ibn Abdullah (Mohammed son of Abdullah), sometimes spelled as “Muhammad”, a pagan Arab who was purportedly born in Mecca (in present-day Saudi Arabia) in 570 CE, more than 1400 years ago. Mohammed purportedly died in Medina (also in present-day Saudi Arabia) in 632 CE.
Islam asserts that the God of Israel -- Whom Islam calls “Allah” -- initially gave the Taurat (Torah) to the Jewish people as an Instrument of Islam; and that He, in order to correct the doctrinal errors that had subsequently infiltrated Judaism, thereafter sent Isa (Jesus) as His Prophet and bestowed upon him the Injeel (i.e., a mythical Islamic Gospel of Christianity) as a subsequent Instrument of Islam; and that He, observing that Christianity had also been subsequently infiltrated by false doctrine, thereafter sent His final Prophet, Mohammed, in order to transmit God’s original and perfect Message to Humankind, which is Islam, devoid of the prior doctrinal errors that had infiltrated both Judaism and Christianity (see Koran, Sura 3 “The Family of Imran [Amram]” at 19; Sura 4 “The Women” at 44-52; Sura 5 “The Dinner Table” at 12-19, 44-51, 61-86 & 116; and Sura 9 “The Immunity” at 30-33).
The repository of this original and perfect Message, purportedly revealed to Mohammed over a 22-year period spanning 610 CE to 632 CE, is the Koran (sometimes spelled as “Quran” or “Qur’an”, meaning: “Recitation”), which is a chaotic stream-of-consciousness narrative that fragments and spreads its topics over many of its 114 chapters (each of which is called a “sura”). Exacerbating this chaos, the Koran (except for its first chapter, which comprises a very brief statement in praise of Allah) is illogically arranged in order of word length from the longest chapter to the shortest chapter.
The Koran was purportedly recited by Mohammed at the command of the Angel Jibril (Gabriel) -- the same Angel who had, more than 600 years earlier, purportedly announced the prospective birth of Jesus to Mary according to the “Gospel of Luke”. Consequently, the Koran purports to be the complete and final Scripture of God, thereby superseding, in Revelation, both the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Bible. This doctrine of Muslim supremacism is expressed in the Islamic dogma that: “The only true Religion in Allah’s Eyes is Islam. ...” (Koran, Sura 3 “The Family of Imran [Amram]” at 19). It is for this reason that Islam declares: “It is He [Allah] Who has sent His Messenger [i.e., Mohammed] with guidance and the Religion of Truth [i.e., Islam], in order for it to be dominant over all other religions, even though the unbelievers will oppose it.” (Koran, Sura 9 “The Immunity” at 33). This also explains why the Koran states: “No; Ibrahim [Abraham] in truth was not a Jew, neither a Christian; but he was a Muslim, and one pure in faith. ...” (Koran, Sura 3 “The Family of Imran [Amram]” at 67). Since, according to Islam, Allah is the God of Creation, it is He Who spoke to our forefather Abraham. And since, according to the Koran, “the only true Religion” is Islam, it is only Islam that Allah imparted to Abraham, as a result of which Abraham became the first Muslim. Consequently, since, according to the Koran, Abraham was a Muslim, and since Abraham’s Jewish progeny of 7th Century CE Arabia rejected any “return” to Islam, God’s Eternal Promises to, and Eternal Covenant with, the descendants of Abraham were purportedly transferred from his Jewish progeny to his alleged Arab progeny (who dubiously claim descent from Abraham’s elder son Ishmael) who accepted Islam (as well as those non-Arabs who subsequently converted, either voluntarily or involuntarily, to Islam). It is noteworthy that although Mohammed purportedly asserted that the Arab people are descended from Ishmael, the latter was not an Arab. Rather, as the child of Abraham and his secondary wife Hagar, Ishmael was ethnically part Hebrew and part (pre-Arab invasion) Egyptian (see Genesis 14:13; and Genesis 16:1, 3 & 15).
Yet, despite the Koran’s claimed purity (i.e., that Allah is the Author of every word in the Koran and that, per Sura 85 “The Celestial Stations” at 21-22, Allah has preserved the Koran on a “guarded tablet”), and despite the Koran’s claimed continuity (i.e., that, per Sura 6 “The Cattle” at 115 and Sura 18 “The Cave” at 27, no portion of the Koran has been altered by human intervention from the time that its words were revealed to Mohammed until Today), the oral verses of the original Koran were not compiled into a written text during the purported lifetime of Mohammed.
So, what is the origin of Today’s standardized written version of the Koran? Muslim apologists claim that 100% of the oral verses of the original Koran were compiled into an approved written text by the instruction of Caliph Othman ibn Affan (in a process which involved the destruction of all variant written texts of the Koran) in 652 CE -- 20 years after the purported death of Mohammed -- and that Today’s standardized written version of the Koran is provably identical to Othman’s approved written text of the Koran. However, this claim is demonstrably false, as:
a. no copy of Othman’s written Koran (if it ever existed) presently exists (rendering to impossible to compare Othman’s written Koran to Today’s standardized written version of the Koran; and
b. the earliest extant written Korans -- numbering 6 parchment manuscripts -- are dated only to the 8th Century CE, being approximately 100 years after the purported death of Mohammed and approximately 80 years after the purported date of Othman’s written Koran; and
c. these early written Korans contain approximately 4,000 consonantal variances from each other and approximately 90,000 vocalic variances from each other, expressed as one or more diacritical dots placed above or below a consonant (e.g., variant diacritical dots applied to the same string of consonants at the same position within the text, resulting in the creation of variant words with different meanings from each other at the same position within the text; additions of text; erasures of text; additions of text over erasures of text; patches covering text; and/or additions of text over patches); and
d. each of these early written Korans continued to be serially revised for hundreds of years after their respective creations; and
e. none of these early written versions (either in their original forms or in their mutated forms) are the same version of the Koran as the standardized written version that is universally accepted Today as being “the Koran”.
Astonishingly, Today’s standardized written version of the Koran was created by a panel of scholars at Egypt’s Al-Azhar University only in 1924. That panel had before it 30 competing versions of the Koran then in routine use throughout the World, and it chose as the true Koran a version of the Koran purportedly transcribed by Abu Amr Hafs Ibn Sulayman in the 8th Century CE (commonly known as the “Hafs Koran”). The Hafs Koran was eventually adopted as the true Koran by Saudi Arabia (and, consequently, by most of the Islamic World) only in 1985.
Yet, even Today’s standardized version of the Koran contains numerous internal textual contradictions. The way that the serial redactors of the Koran dealt with this problem was to include two verses in the Koran that proclaimed the “Doctrine of Abrogation”, whereby textual contradictions were to be resolved by permitting a later verse to cancel an earlier verse, to wit:
“Whatever communications We abrogate or cause to be forgotten, We [then] bring one better than it -- or similar to it. Do you not know that Allah has Power over all things?”
(Koran, Sura 2 “The Cow” at 106); and
“And when We change [one] communication for [another] communication, and Allah knows best what He reveals, they [the unbelievers] say: ‘You are only a forger.’ Nay, most of them do not know [that Allah has reserved to Himself the right to repeal and replace Revelation].”
(Koran, Sura 16 “The Bee” at 101)
Moreover, the tenets of Islam are presently drawn not only from the standardized version of the Koran adopted in the 20th Century CE, but also from Muslim biographies of Mohammed, the earliest preserved versions of which were created in the 9th Century CE -- approximately 200 years after the purported death of Mohammed -- and from the compilations of Muslim literature, the earliest preserved versions of which were also created in the 9th Century CE, that are collectively denominated as the “Hadith” (which corpus of literature purports to have memorialized the extra-Koranic words and deeds of Mohammed and his contemporary acolytes via the purported reportage of allegedly-trustworthy narrators). The two most authoritative Hadith compilations are known as “Sahih al-Bukhari” (created by Mohammed al-Bukhari) and as “Sahih Muslim” (created by Muslim al-Hajjaj).
In a monumental departure from the Hebrew Bible, the Koran claims that Allah sequentially created two species of self-aware beings: first, the Jinn and, only afterward, the Humans, to wit:
“And certainly We created Man of clay that gives forth sound, of black mud fashioned in shape. And the Jinn We created before, of intensely-hot fire.”
(Koran, Sura 15 “The Rock” at 26-27).
According to the Koran, the Jinn are not Angels (who lack Free Will), but rather supernatural creatures who use their Free Will to obey or disobey Allah and to tempt Humans to do likewise, to wit:
“Say: It has been revealed to me that a band of Jinn listened, and they [the Jinn] said: ‘Surely we have heard a wonderful Koran. Guiding to the Right Way, so we believe in it, and we will not elevate anyone together with our Lord. And He -- exalted be the majesty of our Lord -- has not taken a Consort, nor a Son. And [yet] the foolish among us [Jinn] used to utter falsehoods against Allah. And we had [previously] thought that Men and Jinn did not utter a lie against Allah. And [moreover] persons from among Men used to seek refuge with persons from among Jinn, but they [the Jinn] caused them [the Men] to increase in wrongdoing. … And some of us [Jinn] are righteous while some of us are not; we are sects following different ways.’” (Koran, Sura 72 “The Jinn” at 1-6); and: “On the Day when He [Allah] shall gather them all together, He [Allah] will say: ‘O assembly of Jinn, you have seduced Mankind in great numbers. …’”
(Koran, Sura 6 “The Cattle” at 128); and
“And certainly We have created for [entry to] Hell many of the Jinn and the Men. …”
(Koran, Sura 7 “The Elevated Places” at 179).
Tellingly, the Koran does not view all Muslims as being equal in worth and dignity, as it commands husbands to beat their disobedient wives until they become obedient, to wit:
“Men are the maintainers of women because Allah has made some of them [i.e., men] to excel others [i.e., women], and because they spend [money for women’s welfare] out of their property; the good women are therefore obedient, guarding the unseen [i.e., their female form] as Allah has guarded; and [as to] those [women] on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and beat them; then, if they obey you, do not seek a way against them; surely Allah is High [and] Great.
(Koran, Sura 4 “The Women” at 34).
Furthermore, the Koran permits Muslim men to rape slaves, to wit:
And these [i.e., Muslim men] must guard their private parts [i.e., their penises], except in the case of their wives or those whom their right hands possess [i.e., slaves]; for, these [i.e., Muslim men] surely are not to be blamed [for imposing sexual relations upon such women].
(Koran, Sura 70 “The Ways of Ascent” at 29-30)
Contrariwise, the Hebrew Bible, while acknowledging the then existence of slavery as a societal norm, prohibits Jewish men from raping slaves, including women captured during war, to wit:
“‘When you go out to battle against your enemies, and HaShem your God delivers them into your hand and you take them away captive, and you see among the captives a woman of beautiful form, and you desire [to have sexual intercourse with] her, then you may take her for yourself as a wife. [However, first,] you shall bring her to the midst of your house, and she shall shave her head and grow her nails. She shall remove the clothes of her captivity and shall remain in your house, and she shall mourn her father and her mother for a full month; and afterwards you may come to her and be her husband, and she shall be for you a wife. [However,] it shall be that if [after all of the foregoing] you no longer desire her, then you must let her go wherever she wishes; and you shall certainly not sell her for money; you shall not mistreat her, because you have afflicted her.’”
(Deuteronomy 21:10-14)
As the preceding Torah Commandment reveals, instead of instructing the Jewish soldier of 3,400 years ago that he could neither make a slave of nor rape his female captive -- prohibitions which that ancient soldier would never have comprehended -- the God of Israel fashioned a series of steps which would gradually dissipate that soldier’s feelings of superiority mixed with lust, and would thereby permit him, no longer being so influenced by his passions, to choose between: (1) elevating his captive to spousal status, and (2) freeing her unconditionally.
Like the Christian Bible, the Koran suffers from erroneous and fictitious narrations of the Hebrew Bible. For example, the Koran:
misidentifies “Haman”, who was the chief minister of Persia’s Emperor in the Purim account, as being a minister of Egypt’s Pharoah in the Exodus account, despite the fact that the events of the Exodus occurred approximately 900 years before the events of Purim (see Koran, Sura 28 “The Narratives” at 1-42, especially at 6, 8 & 38); and
misidentifies the “two righteous spies” (i.e., Joshua and Caleb) -- who advocated conquering the Land of Israel despite the apparent strength of the Canaanite nations then occupying the Land -- as being “Musa [Moses] and his brother” (i.e., Moses and Aaron) (see Koran, Sura 5 “The Dinner Table” at 20-26, especially at 23 & 25); and
misidentifies “Marium [Mary]”, the purported mother of Jesus, as being the “sister of Haroun [Aaron]” (i.e., Miriam of the Exodus account), despite the fact that the events of the Exodus occurred approximately 1,400 years before the purported events described in the “Gospels” (see Koran, Sura 19 “Mary” at 16-34, especially at 28); and
falsely asserts (when Moses delayed returning to the Hebrew encampment from Mount Sinai) that a “Samiri [Samaritan]” was instrumental in the creation of the golden calf, despite the fact that the events of the Exodus took place approximately 700 years before the emergence of the Samaritan people (see Koran, Sura 20 “Ta Ha” at 83-97, especially at 85-87 & 95-96); and
tells a fictitious tale about Moses and his unidentified servant journeying together to the junction of two rivers and then to a city, during which journey the servant, after disabling a boat and killing a child, serially rebukes Moses for questioning the servant’s actions, and ultimately proves to Moses that the servant has been acting upon Revelations from Allah, and that Moses has been an uncomprehending fool (see Koran, Sura 18 “The Cave” at 60-82).
Moreover, Islam accepts, based upon false Christian dogma (stemming from Christianity’s intentional mistranslation of Isaiah 7:14), the purported virgin birth of Jesus (see Koran, Sura 19 “Mary” at 16-34, especially at 20-22), yet rejects both the purported divinity of Jesus (i.e., that he is “God the Son”) and the purported divine lineage of Jesus (i.e., that he is the “Son of God”) (see Koran, Sura 5 “The Dinner Table” at 17, 72-75 & 116; and Koran, Sura 9 “The Immunity” at 30-32).
It is noteworthy that the foregoing Koranic stance on the status of Jesus creates an internal inconsistency and a logical fallacy, for if Jesus was the product of a virgin birth (which is claimed by the Koran), then he lacked a human father. However, if he lacked a human father, then God was his father (which is denied by the Koran).
Yet, in declaring Jesus to be a revered Prophet of Islam, the Koran inexplicably ignores the fact that Jesus, per the “New Testament”, purportedly permitted that which Islam -- “the only true Religion” -- explicitly prohibits (i.e., Jesus, in purportedly abrogating the Torah Commandments of Kashrut, implicitly sanctioned the consumption of pig meat, which the Koran explicitly forbids (see Koran, Sura 5 “The Dinner Table” at 3)).
Additionally, while accepting Abraham’s son, Ishaq (Isaac) as a Prophet, Islam views his elder brother, Ismail (Ishmael), to be the greater Prophet due to the dubious Islamic assertion that Ishmael is the ancestor of the Arab people, which would mean that Ishmael is the purported ancestor of Mohammed. This is probably the reason why, despite it not being specified in the Koran, Ishmael (rather than Isaac) is presently deemed by normative Islam to be the son whom God ostensibly ordered Abraham to sacrifice as a test of the Patriarch’s faith. Moreover, according to the Koran, Ishmael was given the high honor of accompanying Abraham to Mecca (located in modern Saudi Arabia), where together they purportedly built and dedicated the structure known as “al-Kaaba” (which is the holiest shrine in Islam, because it hosts the ancient pagan relic known as the “Black Stone”), and where they purportedly implored Allah to create of their descendants (i.e., the purported Arab progeny of Ishmael) a holy nation to whom Allah’s Truth would be revealed (see Koran, Sura 2 “The Cow” at 125-129). This fanciful tale of Abraham and Ishmael in Mecca serves as the basis for the annual Hajj pilgrimage to al-Kaaba in Mecca, which culminates in the Muslim holiday known as “Eid al-Adha” (meaning: “Festival of the Sacrifice”).
Furthermore, with respect to the Jewish people, although certain verses of the Koran contain high praise for them, acknowledge God’s Eternal Covenant with them and recognize that the Land of Israel belongs to them (and exclusively to them), such as:
“O Children of Israel! Remember My Favor which I bestowed on you, and be faithful to [the] Covenant with Me; I will fulfill [the] Covenant with you; and of Me, Me alone, should you be afraid.”
(Koran, Sura 2 “The Cow” at 40); and
“Children of Israel, remember My Favor which I have bestowed upon you, and that I exalted you above the nations.”
(Koran, Sura 2 “The Cow” at 122); and
“Bear in mind the words of Musa [Moses] to his people. He said: ‘Remember, my people, the favor which Allah has bestowed upon you. He has raised up prophets among you, made you into kings, and given to you that which He has given to no other nation. Enter, my people, the Holy Land [Land of Israel] which Allah has assigned for you. Do not retreat, or you shall be ruined.’”
(Koran, Sura 5 “The Dinner Table” at 20-21); and
“And We made the [Jewish] people who were deemed to be weak to inherit the eastern lands [i.e., territory lying east of the Jordan River] and the western lands [i.e., territory lying west of the Jordan River] which We had blessed; and the Good Word of your Lord was fulfilled for the Children of Israel because they bore [sufferings] patiently; and We utterly destroyed what Firon [Pharaoh] and his people had wrought and what they built.”
(Koran, Sura 7 “The Elevated Places” at 137); and
“Thereafter We said to the Children of Israel: ‘Dwell securely in the Promised Land [i.e., the Land of Israel]; and when the Promise of the Hereafter is near fulfillment, We shall gather you all together.’”
(Koran, Sura 17 “The Night Journey” at 104); and
“And, certainly, We delivered the Children of Israel from the abasing chastisement -- from Firon [Pharaoh] -- surely he was haughty, one of the extravagant. And certainly We chose them, knowingly, [to be] above the nations.”
(Koran, Sura 44 “The Smoke” at 30-32); and
“And, certainly, We gave the Book [i.e., the Torah] and the Wisdom and the Prophecy to the Children of Israel, and We gave them of the goodly things, and We made them excel [among] the nations.”
(Koran, Sura 45 “The Kneeling” at 16).
Yet other verses viciously attack the Jewish people (and sometimes Christians), such as:
“O Believers, take neither Jews nor Christians as your friends; they are friends of each other. Whoever of you makes them his friends is one of them! God guides not the people of the Evildoers!” (Koran, Sura 5 “The Dinner Table” at 51); and
“Humiliation is imposed upon them [the Jews] wherever they are overtaken, except under a Covenant from Allah and a covenant from the [Muslim] people [which stipulate the surrender and subjugation of the Jews to the Muslims]; and they have invited Wrath from Allah; and Shame has attached itself to them. This is because they disbelieved in the Revelations of Allah and killed the [Hebrew] prophets unjustly. This is because they disobeyed [Allah] and exceeded the limits [of permissible behavior].”
(Koran, Sura 3 “The Family of Imran [Amram]” at 112); and
“... [Jews are] those whom Allah has cursed and with whom He has been angry, [consequently] transforming them into apes and pigs, and [into] those who serve Shaitan [Satan].”
(Koran, Sura 5 “The Dinner Table” at 60; and the transformation of Jews into apes during the Exodus from Egypt is also declared in Sura 2 “The Cow” at 65 and in Sura 7 “The Elevated Places” at 166); and
“You will see many among them [the Jews] competing with each other in Sin and Wickedness and in practicing that which is unlawful. Evil is what they do. Why do their rabbis and leaders not forbid them to blaspheme and practice that which is unlawful? Evil indeed are their doings. And the Jews say: The hand of Allah is tied up! Their hands shall be shackled, and they shall be cursed for what they say. Nay, both His hands are spread out, He expends as He pleases; and what has been revealed to you from your Lord will certainly make many of them [the Jews] increase in inordinacy and unbelief. We have caused enmity and hatred among them [the Jews] until the Day of Resurrection. Whenever they [the Jews] kindle a fire for war Allah puts it out; and they [the Jews] strive to make mischief in the Land. Allah does not love the mischief-makers.”
(Koran, Sura 5 “The Dinner Table” at 62-64);
“You will find that the most implacable of men in their hostility to the faithful [followers of Allah] are the Jews and the pagans. ...”
(Koran, Sura 5 “The Dinner Table” at 82); and
in a stunning display of Koranic ignorance concerning the monotheistic credo of Judaism:
“The Jews say: ‘Uzair [Ezra] is the Son of Allah.’ The Christians say: ‘The Messiah [i.e., Jesus] is the Son of Allah.’ That is the utterance of their mouths, conforming to the [false doctrines of the] unbelievers before them. Allah destroy them! How they are perverted!”
(Koran, Sura 9 “The Immunity” at 30).
Even worse, the Hadith compilations spew forth a cascade of calumnies and incitements against the Jewish people, the most infamous of which is:
“Allah’s Apostle [i.e., Mohammed] said: ‘You [the Muslims] will war with the Jews until some of them will hide behind stones. The stones will [betray the Jews], saying: “O Servant of Allah! There is a Jew hiding behind me; so kill him.”’”
(Hadith compilation of Sahih al-Bukhari at Volume 4, Book 52, Hadith 176, also identified as Hadith no. 2925, as reported by Abdullah bin Umar);
and its variant version:
“Allah’s Apostle [i.e., Mohammed] said, ‘The Hour [of Judgment] will not be established until you [the Muslims] war with the Jews, and the stone behind which a Jew will be hiding will say: “O Muslim! There is a Jew hiding behind me; so, kill him.”’”
(Hadith compilation of Sahih al-Bukhari at Volume 4, Book 52, Hadith 177, also identified as Hadith no. 2926, as reported by Abu Huraira).
The foregoing apocalyptic declarations are connected to the well-entrenched Islamic belief that, during the time of God’s Judgment upon Humankind, Dajjal (the Antichrist) will begin to dominate the Earth, together with his army of 70,000 Jews from Isfahan, Iran, until Allah sends Isa (Jesus) to capture and kill Dajjal (see Hadith compilation of Sahih Muslim at Book 41, Hadith 7015, also identified as Hadith no. 2937a, as reported by An-Nawwas ibn Sam’an; at Book 41, Hadith 7023, also identified as Hadith no. 2940a, as reported by Abdullah ibn Amr; and at Book 41, Hadith 7034, also identified as Hadith no. 2944, as reported by Anas bin Malik).
In order to understand the foregoing enigma, namely, the intermingling in the Koran of philo-Jewish and anti-Jewish declarations, a brief history of Mohammed’s purported rise to power and his purported interactions with the Jews of Arabia -- according to the traditional history of early Islam -- is necessary. When Mohammed created Islam and declared himself to be its prophet, he attempted to gain adherents among the pagan Arab tribes of Mecca, which city was renowned for its ancient place of worship, known as al-Kaaba. During that era, the Arabs of Mecca venerated a pantheon of gods (consisting of 7 primary deities and hundreds of secondary deities), the foremost of which was the male Moon deity “Allah” (also known, when being entreated as the chief deity of al-Kaaba, as “Hubal”). In order to make his new monotheistic religion more palatable to Arab converts, Mohammed -- while discarding all of the other Meccan gods -- retained “Allah” as an object of worship, declaring that deity to be the Creator of the Universe. In light of the fact that Mohammed was probably born into a family which already worshipped the Moon deity “Allah”, as evidenced by his pagan father’s name “Abdullah” (meaning: “Servant of Allah”), it is unsurprising that Mohammed would declare the Moon deity “Allah” to be the one and only God.
Although Mohammed gained some converts among the Meccans, the leadership of the City rejected his overtures and expelled him and his acolytes from the City in 622 CE. Mohammed and his followers thereafter fled to Medina (then known as Yathrib) and encountered Jewish tribes there, whom he also attempted to convert. So important did he consider this effort that -- according to his Muslim biographers -- he initially incorporated into Islam the following decrees based upon Judaism:
1. The original Muslim “qibla” (meaning: “direction of prayer”) was towards Jerusalem (-- the same as in Judaism).
2. The consumption of pig meat was prohibited (-- the same as in Judaism).
3. The 10th day of the first Muslim lunar month was originally declared to be a complete fast day (-- this was in imitation of Yom Kippur, Judaism’s fast day, which is observed on the 10th day of the first Jewish lunar month after the turn of the Jewish calendar year).
4. Prayers were originally required three times a day (-- the same as in Judaism).
5. The Muslim Sabbath was originally decreed to be Saturday (-- the same as in Judaism).
When the Jews of the Medina region, except in insignificant numbers, nonetheless rejected Islam and, even worse, mocked Mohammed’s claim to be a prophet, he felt humiliated and took personal affront; and, when he had built a powerful Muslim army, he purportedly went to war against them for 5 years, from 624 CE - 628 CE -- expelling some, enslaving some, slaughtering the remainder, and confiscating their wealth (with 80% of Jewish assets being distributed to Mohammed’s army and 20% of Jewish assets being retained by Mohammed himself). For example, after the “Battle of the Trench” in 627 CE, during which the local Jewish community (identified as the Banu Qurayza clan) assisted the Muslim army, Mohammed besieged that Jewish community, which eventually surrendered. The defeated Jewish community and an allied Arab clan were allowed to choose a member of that Arab clan to decide the punishment to be suffered by the Jews. The decreed punishment, which was confirmed by Mohammed, was the forfeiture of all assets, the decapitation of all adult men and pubescent boys (being more than 600 men and boys), and the enslavement of all females and prepubescent boys, in the marketplace of Medina.
In a display of theological triumphalism, the Koran describes Mohammed’s vanquishment of the Jews of Arabia in celebratory terms, to wit:
“And Allah turned back the unbelievers [i.e., the pagan Meccan clans] in their rage; they did not obtain any advantage, and Allah sufficed the believers [i.e., the Muslims] in fighting; and Allah is Strong [and] Mighty. And He drove down those of the followers of the Book [i.e., the Jews] who supported them [i.e., the pagan Meccans] from their [i.e., the Jews’] fortresses, and He cast awe into their [i.e., the Jews’] hearts; some [of the Jews] you [Muslims] slaughtered, and you [Muslims] took captive another part [of the Jews]. And He made you [Muslims] heirs to their [i.e., the Jews’] land and their [i.e., the Jews’] dwellings and their [i.e., the Jews’] property, and a land which you have not yet trodden; and Allah has Power over all things.”
(Koran, Sura 33 “The Clans” at 25-27)
In order to ennoble Mohammed’s genocidal war against the Jewish people, the 9th Century CE Muslim biographers of Mohammed and the 9th Century CE Muslim purveyors of the Hadith compilations claimed that the major Jewish clans of Arabia had conspired with Mohammed’s enemies (i.e., the pagan Meccan clans) against him. This claim is bolstered by verses such as the above-recited Koran 33:25-27. Moreover, these sources also claim that Jews serially attempted to murder Mohammed, and they further claim that the illness from which Mohammed died was caused by poisoned food (see Hadith compilation of Sahih al-Bukhari at Volume 5, Book 59, Hadith 713, also identified as Hadith no. 4428, as reported by Aisha bint Abu Bakr) that was presented to Mohammed after his army defeated the resident Jewish community (identified as the Banu Nadir clan) in the “Battle of Khaybar” in 628 CE -- either (1) by a Jewish woman (see Hadith compilation of Sahih Muslim at Book 26, Hadith 5430, also identified as Hadith no. 2190a, as reported by Anas bin Malik; and at Book 26, Hadith 5431, also identified as Hadith no. 2190b, as reported by Anas bin Malik), who was subsequently identified more than 200 years later by 9th Century CE Muslim biographers of Mohammed as Zaynab bint al-Harith, or (2) by the entire Jewish community (see Hadith compilation of Sahih al-Bukhari at Volume 4, Book 53, Hadith 394, also identified as Hadith no. 3169, as reported by Abu Huraira; and at Volume 7, Book 71, Hadith 669, also identified as Hadith no. 5777, as reported by Abu Huraira). Consequently, Muslim apologists assert that Mohammed’s horrific treatment of the Jewish people was well deserved on account of their alleged perfidy.
However, ridding Arabia of its Jews was not sufficient for Mohammed. In order to remove all Jewish influences upon Islam, he purportedly changed the qibla from Jerusalem to Mecca; he converted the complete fast day into a semi-fast month, and he moved it from the 1st to the 9th Muslim lunar month (-- this is the Muslim Fast of Ramadan); he added two additional times for prayer to the original three times for prayer (making prayer five times a day); and he changed the Muslim Sabbath from Saturday to Friday.
The Koranic verses that are complimentary to Jews reflect the earlier period during which Mohammed believed that would be successful in enticing the Jews of Arabia to convert to Islam, while those that spew hatred of Jews reflect the later period during which Mohammed saw his conversionary enticements rebuffed by virtually all of them.
Furthermore, the Koran imposes upon Muslims the collective obligation to make War upon and to subjugate the entire non-Muslim world, including the Jewish people, declaring:
“The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Apostle [i.e., Mohammed] and strive to make mischief in the Land is only this, that they should be murdered or crucified, or their hands and their feet should be cut off on opposite sides, or they should be imprisoned; this shall be as a disgrace for them in this World, and in the Afterlife they shall have a grievous chastisement.”
(Koran, Sura 5 “The Dinner Table” at 33); and
“So, fight against them [i.e., non-Muslims] until there is no more Strife and the Religion of Allah [i.e., Islam] reigns supreme; but if they submit [to you], then surely Allah sees what they do.”
(Koran, Sura 8 “The Spoils” at 39); and
“Fight those who do not believe in Allah, nor in the Last Day [i.e., Day of Judgment], nor prohibit what Allah and His Messenger [i.e., Mohammed] have prohibited, nor follow the Religion of Truth [i.e., Islam], including those who have been given the Book [i.e., the Jews and the Christians], until they pay the [subjugation] tax in acknowledgment of [Islam’s] superiority and that they are in a state of subjection [to the Muslims].”
(Koran, Sura 9 “The Immunity” at 29); and
“O you who believe: Fight those of the unbelievers who are nearby to you and let them find in you harshness; and know that Allah is with those who fulfill [their duty].”
(Koran, Sura 9 “The Immunity” at 123).
Yet, doesn’t the Koran establish its pacific nature by declaring to
Muslims that by saving one life a person saves an entire World,
and that by extinguishing one life a person extinguishes an entire
World? Well, no. For, the Koran declares that this uplifting
axiom (which the Koran appropriated from an ancient rabbinic
commentary, namely, the Mishna at Sanhedrin 4:5) applies only to the
Jewish people, to wit:
“For this reason did We prescribe to the Children of Israel that whoever slays a soul, unless it be for manslaughter or for mischief in the Land, it is as though he slew all men; and whoever keeps it [i.e., a soul] alive, it is as though he kept alive all men; and certainly Our apostles came to them [i.e., the Jewish people] with clear arguments, but even after that, many of them certainly act extravagantly in the Land.”
(Koran, Sura 5 “The Dinner Table” at 32)
Unfortunately, with deadly consequences for the Jewish people, in tandem with its message of Divine Love for those who accept Allah as God and Mohammed as His Prophet, a message of hatred and contempt for (non-converting) Jews inheres in Islam.
Obviously, we do not accept:
that Mohammed is a Prophet of the God of Israel; or
that the Koran is a Scripture of the God of Israel; or
that Islam has superseded Judaism as the Revelation of the God of Israel; or
that the God of Israel has declared Islam to be the “only true Religion”; or
that the God of Israel permits -- let alone requires -- people to worship Him by prostrating themselves before buildings hosting idolatrous objects; or
that the God of Israel created supernatural creatures from fire (i.e., the Jinn), who influence human beings to obey or disobey Him; or
that the Jewish people regard the 5th Century BCE Jewish leader Ezra as being the “Son of God”; or
that the God of Israel has commanded husbands to beat their wives in order to resolve family disagreements; or
that the God of Israel has given permission for men to rape women; or
that our forefather Abraham was a Muslim; or
that Moses was a buffoon; or
that the God of Israel has misremembered people and events described in the Hebrew Bible; or
that, contrary to the repeated Declarations of the God of Israel in the Torah (see Genesis 17:19 & 17:21), God’s Eternal Covenant with our forefather Abraham was inherited by the Arab people (and later by the non-Arab peoples) who converted to Islam rather than by the Jewish people; or
that the God of Israel transformed some Jews into apes and pigs and servants of Satan (or even that the God of Israel created all-powerful supernatural creatures, such as Satan, representing Evil Incarnate, which compete with God for Supremacy over the Universe); or
that Jews will be the soldiers of the Army of the Antichrist (or even that the God of Israel created all-powerful supernatural creatures, such as the Antichrist, representing Evil Incarnate, which compete with God for Supremacy over the Universe); or
that the God of Israel has condemned the Jewish people as Evildoers for their rejection of Islam; or
that the God of Israel has decreed that the Jewish people be massacred or otherwise persecuted as punishment in this Life for their refusal to convert to Islam and to accept Mohammed as a Prophet; or
that the God of Israel has decreed that the Jewish people be cast into the Fires of Hell as punishment in the Afterlife for rejecting Islam; or
that the God of Israel has commanded Muslims to make War upon and subjugate the entire non-Muslim World, including the Jewish people.
Furthermore, according to the Muslim sources, Mohammed’s soul is stained red with the blood of massacred Jews. As such, if the Muslim sources are to be believed, not only should Mohammed be viewed as a great Evildoer, but we are required even to curse his name whenever it is uttered.
As it says in the Babylonian Talmud (at Bereshit Rabbah 49:1):
“Whoever mentions an Evildoer without cursing him misses out on a Torah Commandment: ‘The name of the Wicked shall rot.’ [Proverbs 10:7]”;
and, consequently, it inexorably follows that Mohammed can never be considered by the Jewish people to be a Prophet of God. This is because God is pure Goodness. He does not favor or reward those who murder His Beloved People.
In fact, the Torah explicitly establishes the principle that the Jewish people’s enemies are, by Divine Definition, God’s enemies. God initially declared to Abraham that:
“‘I will bless those who bless you, and him who curses you, I will curse ...’”
(Genesis 12:3);
and the Gentile prophet Balaam, speaking in God’s Name, later confirmed that this Declaration had been made for the benefit of the Jewish people by declaring about us:
“‘... Those who bless you are blessed, and those who curse you are cursed.’”
(Numbers 24:9).
Subsequently, Moses internalized this principle during the war against Midian when:
“HaShem spoke to Moses, saying: ‘Take Vengeance for the Children of Israel against the Midianites ...’”, but “Moses spoke to the people, saying: ‘... inflict HaShem’s Vengeance against Midian.’”
(Numbers 31:2-3).
As, per the Muslim sources, Mohammed is the enemy of the Jewish people, he is, by Divine Definition, also the enemy of God. Accordingly, the Koran -- revealed to Humanity by the enemy of God -- cannot be considered to embody the Word of God, even if that Islamic book did not otherwise contain within it all of the other infirmities discussed above.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, some major -- and astounding -- caveats are in order, which challenge everything that has long been accepted about the early history of Islam, which -- until now -- has been imparted to us exclusively via Islamic sources.
For example, Mohammed’s purported interactions with -- including his purported expulsions, enslavements and slaughters of -- the Jewish clans of Arabia are known only from Muslim sources, such as: (1) Koranic verses (e.g., Koran 33:25-27), which may have been interpolated into 8th Century CE manuscripts of the Koran (either contemporaneously or, as those early manuscripts subsequently underwent serial revisions, in succeeding centuries), and (2) the Hadith compilations and the biographies of Mohammed, the earliest preserved versions of which were created in the 9th Century CE. Consequently, it is possible that some (or even all) of these reported interactions were conjured by triumphalist Muslim apologists in the 9th Century CE, during a period of Islamic ascendancy, for the purpose of justifying the Islamic Caliphate’s ongoing subjugation of Jews from dual perspectives, namely, the macro perspective and the micro perspective. The macro perspective was the theological perspective, asserting that Islam, as the “only true Religion”, having (allegedly) vanquished Judaism on the battlefield in the 7th Century CE, would forever continue to vanquish Judaism on the battlefield. The micro perspective was the pragmatic perspective, asserting that the Jews, having (allegedly) acted treacherously towards Mohammed, were to be forever treated with suspicion and relegated to an inferior status within the territories of the Caliphate.
Moreover, it is plausible that these 9th Century CE Muslim apologists, having become familiar with Christianity’s allegations that the Jews conspired against and were responsible for the death of Jesus, believed those allegations, and were thereby inspired to create an Islamicized version thereof, which resulted in one of the most unlikely coincidences in History, namely, that the Jewish people allegedly conspired against and were allegedly responsible for the deaths of both Jesus and Mohammed.
Furthermore, there is substantial archeological evidence that the original qibla was not towards Jerusalem but towards Petra (located in present-day Jordan). This evidence suggests that all references to Mecca in the standardized version of the Koran, in the Hadith compilations and in the biographies of Mohammed (the earliest extant version of which was authored by Ibn Hisham only in 833 CE -- more than 200 years after the purported death of Mohammed) are the result of historical revisionism and textual interpolation by the Baghdad-based Abbasid Caliphate, which ruled the Islamic Empire from the mid-8th Century CE to the mid-13th Century CE. For geopolitical reasons, the Abbasid Caliphate sought to replace the memory of Petra (which was designated as holy by the defeated Damascus-based Umayyad Caliphate, and towards which all newly-constructed mosques faced during the first 100 years after the purported death of Mohammed) with Mecca (which was designated as holy by the triumphant Abbasid Caliphate). This redesignation required the demolition and relocation of “al-Kaaba”, together with the latter’s “Black Stone”, from Petra to Mecca. Despite this redesignation, it was only in 822 CE -- almost 200 years after the purported death of Mohammed -- that all newly-constructed mosques faced towards Mecca. Previously-constructed mosques had, instead, faced: (1) first towards Petra, (2) then, with some exceptions, towards the mid-point between Petra and Mecca, and (3) then, with some exceptions, parallel to the geographical line proceeding from Petra to Mecca).
Furthermore, in light of its present centrality to Islam, it is puzzling that Mecca is identified by name only once in the Koran (in Sura 48 “The Victory” at 24) and is allegedly identified by pseudonym (namely, as “Bakkah”) only once in the Koran (in Sura 3 “The Family of Imran [Amram]” at 96). All other references in the Koran to Islam’s holiest city are via descriptions of the City’s various attributes, such as its trade route prominence and agricultural fertility. The problem is that none of these references accurately describes the City of Mecca in the 7th Century CE, which was not on any trade route and was inhospitable to the cultivation of crops. However, all of these references accurately describe the City of Petra in the 7th Century CE.
Moreover, the earliest-known extra-Koranic reference to Mecca occurred only in 741 CE -- more than 100 years after the purported death of Mohammed. However, this single mention of Mecca was made in the written account by an anonymous author (or authors) of an untitled history of the warfare between the Arab Empire and the Byzantine Empire (commonly known as the “Chronicle of 741” or the “Byzantine-Arab Chronicle”), which places Mecca in Mesopotamia (which is present-day Iraq) rather than in Arabia (which is present-day Saudi Arabia). Moreover, the earliest known map depicting the present location of Mecca was written only in 900 CE, which -- in light the alleged centrality of Mecca to Islam since 610 CE -- is hard to explain.
All of the foregoing makes it probable that Arabia’s Mecca was irrelevant -- perhaps even unknown -- to Muslims for at least the first 100 years of Islam’s existence, and that the Koran’s one reference to Mecca by name, as well as the Koranic and Hadith references to Allah changing the qibla to an unidentified “Sacred Mosque” (see Koran, Sura 2 “The Cow” at 142-150; and Hadith compilation of Sahih Muslim at Book 4, Hadith 1075, also identified as Hadith no. 527, as reported by Anas bin Malik), constitute textual interpolations made at the instruction of the Abbasid Caliphate. For, although there is presently a mosque in Mecca known as “al-Masjid al-Haram” (meaning: “the Sacred Mosque”), which encloses “al-Kaaba” with its embedded “Black Stone”, that mosque did not exist in Mecca during the purported lifetime of Mohammed. In fact, an 8th Century CE rock inscription found in present-day Saudi Arabia states that this mosque was not built until 698 CE -- being 66 years after the purported death of Mohammed.
Lastly, the earliest-known extra-Koranic identification of Mohammed as the founder of Islam was made only in 691 CE (via an inscription etched inside the Dome of the Rock on Jerusalem’s Temple Mount rather than via any inscription made in Mecca or Medina) -- being approximately 60 years after Mohammed’s purported death. Consequently, it is possible that the presumed existence of Mohammed is the invention of later Muslim apologists; or, alternatively, it is possible that, while Mohammed may have existed, his connection to the development of the Koran was invented by later Muslim apologists, their objective being to conjure an extraordinary progenitor, meant to be at least equal -- if not superior -- in eminence to Judaism’s Moses and to Christianity’s Jesus.
However, it must be conceded that if the events described in the Koran actually took place in the Petra region of trans-Jordania rather than in the Mecca and Medina regions of Arabia, then one would not expect to find any early epigraphs referencing Mohammed in either Mecca or Medina. Nonetheless, if Mohammed never existed, or if he lacked any connection to the development of the Koran, then the Koran -- like the “New Testament” -- is the imaginative product of anonymous authors.
In sum, the archeological and historical evidence now indicates that (1) the original direction of Muslim prayer was towards Petra (rather than towards Jerusalem), (2) the formative events of Islam took place in the Petra region (rather than in the Mecca and Medina regions) and (3) Mohammed, if he actually existed, may have had little or no connection to the development of the Koran and the creation of Islam. Consequently, if the Hadith compilers and the biographers of Mohammed -- at the direction of the Abbasid Caliphate -- fabricated the setting of Islam's birth and formative events, then maybe they also fabricated much of the narrative (including Mohammed’s war against the Jewish people) that purportedly happened in that false setting.
However, assuming arguendo the existence of Mohammed, then based upon the foregoing evidence which contradicts the traditional history of Mohammed and early Islam, it must be conceded that, without knowing which verses (if any) of the Koran, and which verses (if any) of the Hadith compilations, and which biographical narratives (if any) accurately represent the declarations, beliefs, and conduct of Mohammed, it may be unfair to assign blame to him for the Antisemitism inherent in the Koran or for the horrific historical consequences thereof.
Since Muslims pray to a deity revealed through a book which so distorts the Attributes, Message and Expectations of the God of Israel, whose recitation is attributed to a purported Evildoer, it strains credulity that any Jew could (a) believe that the deity depicted in the Koran and the God of Israel are one and the same or (b) believe that Muslims, by imbibing the falsehoods of the Koran and praying to its god, are really praying to the God of Israel. Ironically, ever sure of its own false righteousness, Islam also recognizes this Truth, to wit:
“Say: ‘O Unbelievers, I do not worship that which you worship, nor do you worship Him whom I worship. I shall never worship that which you worship, nor will you ever worship Him whom I worship. You shall have your religion, and I shall have my religion.’”
(Koran, Sura 109 “The Unbelievers” at 1-6)
Furthermore, in addition to all of the foregoing, there are yet other profound differences between Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
For example, the three faiths differ in their respective attitudes towards the importance of Life versus the importance of Death.
The “New Testament” is a death-affirming scripture. Not only does Christianity celebrate the purported crucifixion of Jesus and urge Christians to prove their devotion to him by martyring themselves, but the “New Testament” declares that Christians are actually more alive in Death than in Life, to wit:
“Then he [Jesus] called the crowd to him along with his disciples and said: ‘Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their Cross and follow me [into death]. For whoever wants to save their life will lose it, but whoever loses their life for me and for the Gospel will save it. What good is it for someone to gain the whole World [by pursuing a productive life], yet forfeit their soul [by recoiling from their death]?’”
(Mark 8:34-36); and
“Jesus replied: ‘The Hour has come for the Son of Man [i.e., Jesus] to be glorified [through death]. Very truly I tell you, unless a kernel of wheat falls to the ground and dies, it remains only a single seed. But if it dies, it produces many seeds. Anyone who loves their life will lose it, while anyone who hates their life in this World will keep it for eternal life. Whoever serves me must follow me [into death]; and where I am [after death], my servant also will be. My Father will honor the one who serves me [in death].’”
(John 12:23-26)
The Koran is also a death-affirming scripture. Not only does Islam command Muslims to conduct Jihad (meaning: “War for the Glory of Allah”) against the non-Muslim World until the latter submits to Islam, but -- in order to alleviate the fear of death in battle -- the Koran elevates Death above Life, by asserting that dead warriors are not actually dead, to wit:
“And do not speak of those who are slain in Allah's Way [i.e., pursuing Jihad] as being dead; nay, [they are] alive, but you [the living] do not perceive [this Truth].”
(Koran, Sura 2 “The Cow” at 154); and
“And do not think of those who are killed in Allah's Way [i.e., pursuing Jihad] as being dead; nay, they are alive [and] they are provided with sustenance [after death] from their Lord, rejoicing in what Allah has given them [through death] out of His Grace; and they [the dead] rejoice for the sake of those, who [remaining] behind them [in life], have not yet joined them [in death], that they [the living] shall have no fear [of death]; nor shall they [the living] grieve [for those who remain alive in death]. [Instead] they [the living] rejoice on account of Favor from Allah and [His] Grace, and that Allah will not dissipate the Reward of the believers [who remain alive in death].”
(Koran, Sura 3 “The Family of Imran [Amram]” at 169-171)
This Sanctification of Death continues to resonate among those Muslim leaders and their acolytes who desire to fulfill the Islamic obligation to pursue Jihad. For example, Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, an Islamic scholar who claims descent from Mohammed and who leads the jihadist sect Hezbollah (meaning: “Party of Allah”), declared in 2004:
“We have discovered how to hit the Jews where they are the most vulnerable. The Jews love Life, so that is what we shall take away from them. We are going to win, because they love Life, and we love Death.”
Contrariwise, the Hebrew Bible is a life-affirming Scripture. As the God of Israel declares to us:
“‘I have caused to [serve as a] witness for you Today the Heavens and the Earth, [that] I have set before you the Life and the Death, [which are] the Blessing and the Curse; so choose Life, in order that you will live -- you and your offspring -- to love HaShem, your God, to listen to His Voice, and to cleave unto Him; for, He is your life and the length of your days to dwell upon the Land which HaShem swore to your forefathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob -- to give to them.’”
(Deuteronomy 30:19-20)
Moreover, as the Hebrew Bible points out:
“The dead do not praise God; nor do any of those who descend into silence.”
(Psalms 115:17)
Clearly, the Jewish people do not believe that Death is more important than Life, or that Death is a Cherished Objective or a Cause for Celebration.
Another profound difference between the three faiths is to be found in their respective beliefs about the purported existence, nature, and power of Satan. It is noteworthy that “ha-Satan” is a Hebrew-language word that translates into the English language as “the Adversary”, in the sense of being “the Accuser” before God against suspected sinners. As such, in the Hebrew Bible, there is no causal relationship between Satan and the creation and/or propagation of Evil. On the contrary, in the Hebrew Bible, Satan is an Angelic Adversary of sinners and Sin (see Job 1:1 - 2:7).
However, despite the actual nature of “Satan”, both Christianity and Islam teach that he is a powerful supernatural creature who opposes God, thereby rendering him the embodiment of and the initiator of Evil. Moreover, both religions insist that Satan effectuates Evil in the World by tempting human beings (sometimes through demonic possession) to perpetrate acts of Evil.
“At once the Spirit sent him [Jesus] out into the Wilderness; and he [Jesus] was in the Wilderness 40 days, being tempted by Satan. He [Jesus] was with the wild animals, and Angels attended him [Jesus].”
(Mark 1:12-13, being the earliest account of the purported incident commonly known as the “Temptation of Christ”); and
“Now the Festival of Unleavened Bread, called the Passover, was approaching, and the chief priests and the teachers of the Law [i.e., the Torah] were looking for some way to get rid of Jesus, for they were afraid of the people. Then Satan entered Judas, called Iscariot, one of the Twelve [i.e., one of the twelve apostles of Jesus]. And Judas went to the chief priests and the officers of the Temple guard, and he discussed with them how he might betray Jesus. They were delighted, and they agreed to give him money. He consented, and he watched for an opportunity to hand Jesus over to them when no crowd was present.”
(Luke 22:1-6); and
“‘Then I [apostle Paul] asked, “Who are you, Lord?” The Lord replied, “I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting. Now get up and stand on your feet. I have appeared to you to appoint you as a servant and as a witness of what you have seen and will see of me. I will rescue you from your own people [i.e., the Jews] and from the Gentiles. I am sending you to them to open their eyes and to turn them from Darkness to Light, and from the Power of Satan to God, so that they may receive forgiveness of Sins, and a place among those who are sanctified by faith in me.”’”
(Acts 26:15-18); and
“The one who does what is sinful is of the Devil, because the Devil has been sinning from the Beginning [of Creation]. The reason the Son of God appeared [on Earth] was to destroy the Work of the Devil.”
(1 John 3:8).
The subsequent accounts of the “Temptation of Christ”, appearing in the “Gospel of Matthew” and in the “Gospel of Luke” (both of which extensively embellish the sparse narrative in the “Gospel of Mark”), portray Satan as an all-powerful supernational creature who can grant enormous wealth and power to human beings in exchange for their worship of him, to wit:
“Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, left the Jordan [River], and was led by the Spirit into the Wilderness, where for 40 days he was tempted by the Devil. He [Jesus] ate nothing during those days, and at the end of them he was hungry. The Devil said to him, ‘If you are the Son of God, tell this stone to become bread.’ Jesus answered, ‘It is written: “Man shall not live on bread alone.”’ The Devil led him up to a high place and showed him in an instant all the kingdoms of the World. And he [the Devil] said to him, ‘I will give you all their authority and splendor; it has been given to me, and I can give it to anyone I want to. If you worship me, it will all be yours.’ Jesus answered, ‘It is written: “Worship the Lord your God, and serve him only.”’ The Devil led him to Jerusalem and had him stand on the highest point of the Temple. He [the Devil] said, ‘If you are the Son of God, then throw yourself down from here. For it is written: “He will command his Angels concerning you to guard you carefully; they will lift you up in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone.”’ Jesus answered, ‘It is said: “Do not put the Lord your God to the test.”’ When the Devil had finished all this tempting, he left him [Jesus] until an opportune time.”
(Luke 4:1-13).
Examples of the mainstream Islamic view of Satan are as follows:
“They [i.e., unbelievers] do not call besides Him [Allah] on anything but idols, and they do not call on anything but a rebellious Shaitan [Satan]. Allah has cursed him [Satan]; and he [Satan] said: ‘Most certainly I will take of Your servants an appointed portion. And most certainly I will lead them astray and excite in them vain desires, and bid them so that they shall slit the ears of the cattle, and most certainly I will bid them so that they shall alter Allah's creation’, and whoever takes the Shaitan [Satan] for a Guardian rather than Allah, he indeed shall suffer a manifest loss. He [Satan] gives them promises and excites vain desires in them, and the Shaitan [Satan] does not promise them, except to deceive [them]. These [followers of Satan] are they whose abode is Hell, and they shall not find any refuge from it.”
(Koran, Sura 4 “The Women” at 117-121); and
“The Shaitan [Satan] only desires to cause enmity and hatred to arise among you by means of alcohol and gambling, and to keep you away from the remembrance of Allah and from prayer. Will you then desist?”
(Koran, Sura 5 “The Dinner Table” at 91); and
“He [Satan] said [to Allah]: ‘As You have caused me to remain disappointed, I will certainly lie in wait for them [i.e., Humankind] in Your straight path. Then I will certainly come to them from before them and from behind them, and from their right-hand side and from their left-hand side; and You shall not find most of them thankful [to You].’ He [Allah] said [to Satan]: ‘Get out of this [place], despised, driven away; whoever of them [i.e., Humankind] will follow you, I will certainly fill Hell with all of you.’”
(Koran, Sura 7 “The Elevated Places” at 16-18); and
“And Shaitan [Satan] will say when the Matter is decided [at the Hour of Judgment]: ‘It was Allah Who gave you a Promise of Truth. I too promised, but I failed in my promise to you. I had no authority over you except to call you [to follow me] -- but you listened to me. …’”
(Koran, Sura 14 “Abraham” at 22); and
“So, when you recite the Koran, seek refuge with Allah from the accursed Shaitan [Satan]. Surely, he [Satan] has no authority over those who believe and rely on their Lord. His [Satan’s] authority is only over those who befriend him …”
(Koran, Sura 16 “The Bee” at 98-100); and
“Surely the Shaitan [Satan] is your enemy, so treat him as an enemy; he only invites his followers so that they may be inmates of the Burning [at the Hour of Judgment].”
(Koran, Sura 35 “The Originator” at 6).
Contrariwise, Judaism teaches that God Himself, as the Creator of All, is the Creator of Evil. This is because God has knowingly and intentionally placed Humankind’s conduct, which includes both acts of Good and acts of Evil, on its inevitable course towards the Day of Judgment. As the God of Israel declares to us:
“‘I form Light and create Darkness; I make Peace and create Evil; I, HaShem, make all of these.’”
(Isaiah 45:7); and
“‘… Shall there be Evil in a city, and HaShem has not done it?’”
(Amos 3:6)
And, as the Hebrew Bible further explains:
“‘… Is it only the Good that we shall receive from the [one and only] God, but the Evil we shall not receive [from God]? …’”
(Job 2:10)
In the context of God’s relationship to Evil, it is crucial to comprehend the difference between “God is the Creator of Evil” and “God is Evil”, as accepting the former constitutes a huge Kiddush HaShem (Sanctification of God’s Name), while believing the latter constitutes a huge Chillul HaShem (Desecration of God’s Name). As God is the Source of Evil, it follows that Satan (whether he be an accusatory Angel or, as is more likely, a pedagogical and philosophical construct of the Hebrew Bible) is neither the embodiment of Evil nor the initiator of Evil in the World. On the contrary, Satan, as an accusatory Angel, is subservient to -- rather than an opponent of -- God. This is so, because Satan is always doing the bidding of his Master and is never acting for his own account, because, as an Angel, he lacks Free Will to deviate from his assigned tasks (see Job 1:1 - 2:7, where Satan, in several conversations with God, accuses Job of possessing insincere faith in God, and is consequently granted serial permissions from God to severely test the sincerity of Job’s faith in God).
Moreover, as is now known, demons and demonic possession have nothing to do with Satan, and everything to do with the varied manifestations of mental illness. Consequently, neither Satan nor demons are responsible for the acts of Evil that have been perpetrated by human beings throughout History. Rather, human beings, precisely because they possess Free Will, are exclusively responsible for their own conduct.
Of course, it is undeniable that for thousands of years, many Jews (including ancient rabbis who added discussions of demonology to the Babylonian Talmud -- e.g., Talmud, Pesachim 110a – 110b), did believe in the existence of demons and demonic possession -- despite the fact that the Hebrew Bible does not validate these erroneous beliefs. Nonetheless, these beliefs seemed reasonable to those ancient Jews primarily because (a) they were strongly influenced by the belief systems of the pagan peoples amongst whom they lived, and (b) they, including the purportedly-enlightened Jesus, did not know about dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder), schizophrenia, and other types of mental illness. This is hardly surprising, as the medical disciplines of neurology and psychiatry did not yet exist in the 1st Century CE; and, consequently, a mere human being living during that era would not have been cognizant of the scourge of mental illness. However, according to the “Gospels”, Jesus denied that he was a mere human being, and he instead claimed, not only that he was the Messiah, but also that he was the “Son of God”, thereby enjoying the most intimate Communion with God. If those majestic claims are to be accepted as true, then why didn’t Jesus know that people who acted abnormally (e.g., “… For a long time this man had not worn clothes or lived in a house, but had lived in the [burial] tombs.” -- Luke 8:27) and/or who harmed themselves (e.g., “Night and day among the tombs and in the hills, he would cry out and cut himself with stones.” -- Mark 5:5) were suffering from mental illness rather than demonic possession?
For, instead of engaging in purported conversations with and purported exorcisms of demons, a truly-enlightened Jesus would have explained to his apostles, as follows:
“These tortured souls are not possessed by demons, but are afflicted by a disease of the brain. I will pray to my Father that He cure them of their ailment, so that they are able to return to their families and to resume a normal life.”
Yet, Jesus failed to provide his apostles with the foregoing explanation, because he was ignorant of the existence of mental illness.
Consequently, the purported interactions between Jesus and alleged demon-possessed people as well as between Jesus and alleged demons (see Matthew 8:28-32 &12:22; Mark 3:11 & 5:1-13; and Luke 4:41, 8:26-33 & 11:14) constitute another persuasive empirical refutation of the Christological status of Jesus.
Conversely, if Jesus qua the “Son of God” did know that such people were suffering from mental illness rather than demonic possession, but -- due to the superstitious beliefs of the people -- he chose to pretend otherwise (via fake exorcisms and fake conversations with demons), then he is guilty of perpetuating a severe medical crime against many future generations of Christians -- both mentally-ill persons and their distraught families -- who, due to their longstanding ignorance of the existence of mental illness, continued to engage in worthless rituals to counteract purported demonic possession.
Even worse than believing in the existence of demons and demonic possession is the fact that, throughout our long existence, many Jews -- in rank violation of the First Commandment and the Second Commandment -- also believed in pagan deities, such as the Canaanite gods Baal and Moloch, as well as the subsequent Babylonian, Persian, Greek, and Roman pantheons. And, even Today, many Jews mistakenly embrace Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and other Gentile belief systems. However, mistaken beliefs by even large numbers of Jews throughout History do not -- and will never -- change the Identity, Attributes, Message and Expectations of the one and only God, as revealed through the Hebrew Bible.
Yet another profound difference between the three faiths is to be found in their respective attitudes towards non-believers.
In serial expressions of Christian supremacism and exclusivity, the “New Testament” declares:
“‘Whoever believes [in Jesus] and is baptized will be saved, but whoever does not believe [in Jesus] will be condemned.’”
(Mark 16:16); and
“‘For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him [the Son] shall not perish but have eternal life. For, God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him [the Son]. Whoever believes in him [the Son] is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already, because they have not believed in the name of God’s one and only Son.’”
(John 3:16-18); and
“‘The Father loves the Son, and He [the Father] has committed everything into his [the Son’s] hand. He who believes in the Son has Eternal Life; he who does not obey the Son shall not see Life, but the Wrath of God rests upon him.’”
(John 3:35-36); and
“… This will happen when the Lord Jesus is revealed from Heaven in blazing Fire with his powerful Angels. He will punish those who do not know God and do not obey the Gospel of our Lord Jesus. They [non-Christians] will be punished with Everlasting Destruction and shut out from the Presence of the Lord and from the Glory of his Might on the Day he [Jesus] comes to be glorified in his holy people and to be marveled at among all those who have believed. …”
(2 Thessalonians 1:7-10); and
“But the cowardly, the unbelieving, the vile, the murderers, the sexually immoral, those who practice magic arts, the idolaters and all liars -- they will be consigned to the fiery Lake of Burning Sulfur. …”
(Revelation 21:8).
Likewise, in serial expressions of Muslim supremacism and exclusivity, the Koran declares:
“The only true Religion in Allah’s Eyes is Islam. ...”
(Koran, Sura 3 “The Family of Imran [Amram]” at 19); and
“You [Muslims] are the best of the nations raised up for Humanity; you command Right and forbid Evil, and believe in Allah; and if the people of the Book [i.e., Jews and Christians] had believed [in Allah], it would have been better for them; among them are believers [in Allah], but most of them are transgressors.”
(Koran, Sura 3 “The Family of Imran [Amram]” at 110); and
“Surely, those who disbelieve, even if they had what [wealth] is in the Earth, all of it, and the like of it with it, that they might ransom themselves with it [i.e., their wealth] from the Punishment of the Day of Resurrection, it [i.e., the ransom] shall not be accepted from them, and they shall have a painful Punishment. They would desire to escape from the Fire [of Hell], but they shall not escape from it, and they shall have a lasting Punishment.”
(Koran 5 “The Dinner Table” at 36-37); and
“O Prophet [i.e., Muhammed]! Strive hard against the unbelievers and the hypocrites and be unyielding to them, as their abode is Hell, and their destination is Evil.”
(Koran 9 “The Immunity” at 73); and
“And among men there is he who disputes about Allah, without knowledge and without guidance [from Muhammad] and without an illuminating book [i.e., the Koran], turning away [from Allah] haughtily, that he may lead [others] astray from the Way of Allah; for him [there] is Disgrace in this World; and, on the Day of Resurrection, We will make him taste the Punishment of Burning [in Hell].”
(Koran 22 “The Pilgrimage” at 28-29); and
“And whoever does not believe in Allah and His Apostle [i.e., Mohammed], then surely We have prepared a burning Fire [of Hell] for the unbelievers.”
(Koran 48 “The Victory” at 13).
Moreover, tellingly, both Christianity and Islam falsely project their own intolerance of nonbelievers onto Judaism, to wit:
“Leaving that place, Jesus withdrew to the region of Tyre and Sidon. A Canaanite woman from that vicinity came to him, crying out, ‘Lord, Son of David, have mercy on me! My daughter is demon-possessed and suffering terribly.’ Jesus did not answer a word. So, his disciples came to him and urged him, ‘Send her away, for she keeps crying out after us.’ He answered, ‘I was sent only to the lost sheep of Israel.’ The woman came and knelt before him. ‘Lord, help me!’ she said. He replied, ‘It is not right to take the [Jewish] children’s bread and toss it to the [Gentile] dogs.’ She said, ‘Yes, it is, Lord. Even the dogs eat the crumbs that fall from their master’s table.’ Then Jesus said to her, ‘Woman, you have great faith! Your request is granted.’ And her daughter was healed at that moment.”
(Matthew 15:21-28); and
“While talking with him [the Roman centurion Cornelius], Peter went inside and found a large gathering of people. He said to them: ‘You are well aware that it is against our [Jewish] law for a Jew to associate with or visit a Gentile. …’”
(Acts 10:27-28); and
“And the Jews will not be pleased with you [Muslims], nor [will] the Christians [be pleased with you Muslims], until you [Muslims] follow their religion. Say: ‘Surely Allah’s Guidance -- that is the [true] Guidance. And if you [Muslims] follow their [the Jews’ or Christians’] desires after the knowledge [of Islam] that has come to you, you shall have no guardian from Allah, nor any helper.’”
(Koran, Sura 2 “The Cow” at 120).
On the contrary, Judaism declares that the God of Israel loves all righteous people, whether they are Jews or Gentiles. As stated in the very first chapter of the Hebrew Bible, God created the first human being, Adam, “in the Image of God” (Genesis 1:27). Thus, Judaism declares that each descendant of Adam -- i.e., every human being -- is deemed to have been individually chosen to bear the Image of God. Consequently, every righteous person -- whether Jew or Gentile -- has equal status in his individual relationship with the God of Israel, even if he follows a false religious doctrine.
Ancient rabbinic commentaries
express this egalitarian concept by declaring:
“The
Righteous of all nations have a share in the World To Come.”
(Tosefta, Sanhedrin 13); and
“Therefore only a single
man [Adam] was created [by God] to teach you that if anyone destroys a single
soul from the Children of Man, Scripture charges him as though he
had destroyed a whole World, and whoever rescues a single
soul from the Children of Man, Scripture credits him as though he
had saved a whole World, and [only a single man
was created] for the sake of Peace among Humanity -- that no man
might say to his fellow, ‘My ancestor was greater than your ancestor.’ ...”
The Hebrew Bible provides ample proof of the foregoing, as it abounds with accounts of worthy Gentiles -- from Adam and Eve to Noah to the Amorite brothers Mamre, Aner and Eshcol to the priest Melchizedek to Abraham’s servant Eliezer to Pharaoh’s unidentified daughter to Moses’ father-in-law Jethro to the prostitute Rahab to Job to Ruth (the last of whom, by joining herself to the Jewish people, became the ancestress of King David as well as of the future Messiah). Moreover, the Hebrew Bible even contains an example of the God of Israel extending His Mercy to an entire Gentile populace, namely, the population of Nineveh, capital city of the pagan Assyrian Empire, over the strenuous objection of the Prophet Jonah (see Jonah 1:1 - 4:11).
As God declares to the Prophet Jonah:
“‘And should not I care about Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than 120,000 persons who do not yet know their right hand from their left [i.e., who lack sufficient knowledge of the God of Israel], and many beasts as well.’”
(Jonah 4:11)
Moreover, the Prophet Isaiah, speaking in God’s Name, declares:
“‘I will bring them [all the righteous persons] to My Holy Mountain [i.e., the Temple Mount], and I will gladden them in My House of Prayer [i.e., the Temple]; their elevation offerings and their feast offerings will find favor on My Altar; for, My House will be called a House of Prayer for all the peoples.’”
(Isaiah 56:7)
Despite God’s Love for all righteous people in the World, the Jewish people do not believe in either the god of the “New Testament” or the god of the Koran. That being the case, it is ludicrous for us to insist that, although we do not believe in their gods, they believe in our God. Consequently, unless the Jewish people wish to embrace the Gentile nations’ distorted conceptions of God, we cannot continue to entertain the pleasing but erroneous notion that Jews, Christians and Muslims all pray to the same God, as such false attributions to the God of Israel constitute unforgiveable violations of the Torah’s Third Commandment -- this being the very Sin that led to the destruction of the biblical northern kingdom of Israel by the Assyrian Empire, to wit:
“The Children of Israel imputed concepts that were not so to HaShem their God ...”
(II Kings 17:9)
For, although there is only one God, those who presently pray to ersatz versions -- misleading simulacra -- of Him are unfortunately engaged in Avodah Zarah (like their polytheistic and idol worshipping ancestors) rather than in the worship of the God of Israel. This Truth is reflected in the declaration of the Prophet Zechariah, made concerning the aftermath of the future messianic War of Gog and Magog, that:
“HaShem will be the King over all of the Earth; on that Day HaShem will be One and His Name will be One.”
(Zechariah 14:9);
and in the earlier declaration of the Prophet Isaiah, speaking in God’s Name, that:
“‘I swear by Myself, Righteousness has gone forth from My Mouth, a Word that will not be rescinded: that to Me shall every knee bend and shall every tongue swear.’”
(Isaiah 45:23).
However, until that Day of Judgment, when the Gentile nations, due to their defeat at the hands of the Messiah, are forced to crown the God of Israel as their one and only King, it bears remembering and reiterating that the God of Israel -- and only the God of Israel -- is God, to wit:
“You shall know this Day and take to your heart that HaShem, He is the God -- in the Heaven above and on the Earth below -- there is none other.”
(Deuteronomy 4:39); and
“Hear [this Declaration], Israel: HaShem is our God; HaShem is One.”
(Deuteronomy 6:4); and
“See, now, that I am; I [alone] am He; and no [other] god is with Me.”
(Deuteronomy 32:39); and
“Thus said HaShem, King of Israel and its Redeemer -- HaShem of Legions: ‘I am the First, and I am the Last, and aside from Me there is no god.’”
(Isaiah 44:6).
Accordingly, when, in defiance of our Scriptural sources, we continue to flatter the Gentile nations by proclaiming that we all pray to the same God, we not only cause them to fall deeper into the abyss of Avodah Zarah, thereby transgressing the Torah Commandment: “‘... You shall not place a stumbling block before the Blind. ...’” (Leviticus 19:14), but we also render ourselves guilty of a great Chillul HaShem (Desecration of God’s Name).
[Note: Nothing in the foregoing Essay is meant to conflate the Jewish people (due to its Jewishness) with Righteousness or to conflate the Gentile peoples (due to their lack of Jewishness) with Evil. Indeed, a Jew who believes in the God of Israel may perpetrate evil deeds, while a Gentile who believes in a false god may perform righteous deeds. Consequently, under normal circumstances, it cannot be determined by Humankind whether any particular Jew is more -- or less -- beloved by God than any particular Gentile, as that Judgment can only be made by God alone, based upon each individual’s moral worth. For a deeper analysis of this issue please see my website Essay entitled “The Meaning Of Being The Chosen People”]
[Note: Not only are there major contradictions in narratives and theology between the four “Gospels” of the “New Testatment”, but each of those narratives underwent significant revisions long after it was initially written. Rabbi Tovia Singer has done exhaustive research on the history and mutating credos of Christianity that have spanned the past two millennia. The following question & answer section is from his website https://outreachjudaism.org/, setting forth some of the additions and deletions that were made to the “New Testament”, and especially to the “Gospels” portion thereof, in order to create the final version of the “New Testament” that was favored by its serial redactors.]
Question:
You stated that there are
almost 6,000 Greek NT [New Testament] manuscripts (around 5778 copies). Among
them are 400,000 variants of differences, while there are only 139,000 words in
the NT. However, Prof. Bruce Metzger wrote that the NT [of Today] is 95%
reliable when compared to the original manuscript of the New Testament.
Answer:
Prof. Bruce Metzger was
one of the 20th century’s greatest textual critics of the New Testament
manuscripts. However, if you do not read Prof. Bruce Metzger’s work for
yourself, you will not fully grasp the meaning or full force of his
conclusions.
We now have discovered
nearly 6,000 Greek manuscripts of the New Testament (NT). We don’t know
how many mistakes there are among our surviving copies, but they appear to
number somewhere about 400,000. I will put this in comparative terms: there
are far more differences in the NT manuscripts than there are words in the New
Testament.
Bear in mind that well
over 90% of these errors are the result of sloppy slipups, and are
insignificant. They show us nothing more than ancient scribes could spell
no better than most people can today. Textual critics, however, contend that
they can reconstruct more than 90% of these mistakes. This may be the case. We
can never say that we can know that this would be matched to the ORIGINAL books
of the NT, because NOBODY has the originals. They are lost!
The kinds of errors we
tend to discover are the sleepy mistakes of the scribes. The later
manuscripts, of the Middle Ages are much more plentiful and uniform because
they were copied by trained, professional scribes. The earliest manuscripts
have the most errors.
The most important thing
to keep in mind is that 90% of the contradictions in the NT manuscripts are not
important. In other words, 360,000 errors in the manuscripts in the NT are
unimportant. However, 40,000 errors are significant. Even if we reduce
this number by 50%, we are left with 20,000 mistakes that are very important!
20,000 mistakes that are very critical and have significant theological
implications!
Keep in mind that there
are only 139,000 words in the whole NT. Would God permit such a thing to be
done to the New Testament if this was His holy book that God wished to preserve
for all future generations? Why didn’t God protect the integrity of the NT if
it is in fact a holy and an eternal book? You might ask, how could God
preserve the text? As it turns out, God did exactly that with the Torah, which
is much bigger and older than the NT. The whole Torah is the same! All 304,805
letters preserved by God!
How important are the
5-10% of the textual variances in the NT? Some of them are
giant! Here are a few examples:
1) Is the doctrine of the
Trinity found in 1 John 5:7-8? It depends on which manuscript you read.
2) Did Jesus appear to
any of his followers after the resurrection in the book of Mark? It depends on
which manuscript you read. None of the earliest manuscripts have any
appearances. The last 12 verses of the book of Mark (16:9-20) were inserted by
later scribes who were disappointed that the apostles didn’t encounter Jesus
following his resurrection according to this account.
3) Was Jesus so
distressed in the Garden of Gethsemane that he sweats blood? It depends
on which manuscript you read. Some later scribes were concerned that
Jesus showed little passion in Luke’s Passion Narrative; so they inserted into
the Garden prayer a scene where Jesus sweated blood. (Luke 22:43-44)
4) In the Book of Luke,
did Jesus say to God that the Jews should be forgiven? Did Jesus request,
“Father, forgive them for they know not what they do” (Luke 23:34)? It
depends on which manuscript you read. Early Christians interpreted this
as a prayer of forgiveness for the Jews, ignorant of what they had done. No
wonder some scribes deliberately deleted the verse in the second and third
centuries, when many Christians believed that Jews knew exactly what they were
doing and that God had in no way had forgiven them.
5) Did Jesus have an
encounter with an adulterous woman and her accusers in which he told them, “Let
the one without sin among you be the first to cast a stone at her,” and in
which he told her, after all her accusers had left, “Neither do I condemn you.
Go and sin no more”? It depends on which manuscripts of John you read in
chapters 7 - 8! The oldest manuscripts don’t have it. It was added later.
6) Did Luke understand
that Jesus’ death was an atonement for sin? It depends on what you do
with Luke 22:19-20. Everywhere else in Luke and Acts, the author eliminated
Mark’s references to Jesus’ death as an atonement. The only remnant of that teaching
is in some manuscripts of the Lord’s Supper, where Jesus says that the bread is
his body to be broken “for you” and the cup is his blood poured out “for you.”
But in the earliest and best manuscripts, these words are missing (much of v.
19 and all of v. 20). Scribes have added them to make Luke’s view of Jesus’
death conform to Mark’s and Matthew’s. In other words, Luke disagreed with Mark
and Matthew on one of the most important theological claims of the other
gospels and [the apostle] Paul.
This variant questions
whether Luke (whoever he was) believed that Jesus dies as a sacrifice for sin.
It is not that Luke didn’t think that Jesus’ death was important. But he
believed that if you think about Jesus’ death, you will repent. Thus, according
to Luke, it is the repentance, NOT the sacrificial death of Jesus that atoned
for sin. Meaning, without that later scribe addition, the author of Luke and
Acts did not believe that Jesus died as an atoning sacrifice for your sins!
Anyone would say that these variances are terrifically important for knowing
what traditions about Jesus were in circulation among the early Christians.
7) After his
resurrection, did Jesus tell his disciples that those who came to believe in
him would be able to handle snakes and drink deadly poison without being
harmed? It depends on which manuscripts of Mark you read.
8) [The apostle] Paul’s
injunction to women to be “silent” in the churches and “subordinate” to their
husbands was not originally part of 1 Corinthians 14:34-35, but was added by
later scribes intent on keeping women in their place. Is that a significant
error or not?
No Christian scholar
would disagree with what I wrote; and you will find these errors noted in many
scholarly annotated Christian Bibles, especially those edited by Prof. Bruce
Metzger!
I listed for you only a
tiny number of errors and variances in the New Testament so that you can see
for yourself that the consequences for many of the errors in the manuscripts
are monumental. If time would permit, I could record hundreds of NT variations
that are significant, but I only wanted to give you a taste of the significant
error in thinking that the NT is the “word of God” or there is 90-95%
agreement. That 5-10% of errors in the NT makes all the difference in the
world! Is God the author of mischief and lies?
“The Torah of the Lord is
perfect, reviving the soul; the testimony of the Lord is sure, making wise the
simple; the precepts of the Lord are right, rejoicing the heart; the
commandments of the Lord are pure, enlightening the eyes; the fear of the Lord
is clean, enduring forever; the commandments of the Lord are true, and
perfectly righteous.” (Psalm 19)
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